Caustic effect

Ca oxalate is corrosive and produces local irritation. It has a caustic effect on mouth, esophagus and stomach, and can cause severe damage to kidneys (Refs 6 9). It can be dangerous when heated to decompn because of toxic fumes (Ref 6)... 

These processes all vary in terms of the caustic effectiveness of the system as well as the implications on HC1 generation and scope for recycling. It is really only PO and the isocyanates which would have an impact on the balance. 

In a study of intermediate duration, dermal application of 0.5% p-cresol for 6 weeks produced permanent depigmentation of the skin and hair of mice (Shelley 1974). A caustic effect on the skin was noted in one strain of mouse, but not another. Neither o- nor m-cresol produced any color change in the mice. The author suggests that only p-cresol is active because it mimics the structure of tyrosine, the amino acid present in melanin, so that tyrosinase acts on it, liberating free radicals that damage melanocytes. NOAEL and LOAEL values were not derived from this study because the applied dose was not reported. 

Recommended Dilutions 5-20 1 Applications Carwash WW tire prespray Notes Non caustic, effective WW cleaner Formula T-103... 

The same exposure conditions can also cause gastric discomfort in humans. Again, this effect is likely to be caused by the caustic effects of the silver compounds, and not the presence of silver. There is no evidence that suggests that dermal exposure to silver can cause gastric effects. 

Of the lower aliphatic amines, cyclohexylamine and dicyclohexylamine appear to have received the most attention for their toxicides. In addition to its caustic effects on eyes, mucous membranes, and skin, cyclohexylamine acts as a systemic poison. In humans the symptoms of systemic poisoning by this compound include nausea to the point of vomiting, anxiety, restlessness, and drowsiness. It adversely affects the female reproductive system. Dicyclohexylamine produces similar symptoms, but is considered to be more toxic. It is appreciably more likely to be absorbed in toxic levels through the skin, probably because of its less polar, more lipid-soluble nature. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poisons by ingestion and inhalation. Powerful irritants. Oxalates are corrosive to tissue and produce local irritation. When ingested they have a caustic effect on the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. The soluble oxalates are readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and can cause severe damage to the kidneys. Oxalates are common components of poisonous plants. When heated to decomposition they emit toxic and irritating fumes. See also OXALIC ACID. 

Phenols (Fig. 17.7) are widely used as disinfectants and preservatives. They have good antimicrobial activity and are rapidly bactericidal but generally are not sporicidal. Their activity is markedly diminished by dilution and is also reduced by organic matter. They are more active at acid pH. The main disadvantages of phenols are their caustic effect on skin and tissues and their systemic toxicity. The... 

Reports of ingestion of mercurous chloride have not found similar caustic effects however, a 50-year-old woman who ingested an unspecified amount of mercurous chloride in a Chinese medicine experienced nausea and vomiting (Kang-Yum and Oransky 1992). Several children who were treated with mercurous chloride for constipation, worms, or teething discomfort had swollen red gums, excessive salivation, anorexia, diarrhea, and/or abdominal pain (Warkany and Hubbard 1953). 

This case illustrates that the lower end of the gastrointestinal tract is equally susceptible to the caustic effects of hydrofluoric acid. Source Cappell MS and Simon T (1993). Fulminant acute colitis following a self-administered hydrofluoric acid enema. American Journal of Gastroenterology 88,122-126.)... 

In the case illustrated, the caustic effect of the vapour is seen chiefly in the interpalpebral aperture. On each side of the cornea there is a dead white band due to coagulative oedema, which compresses the vessels, impairs the circulation, and thus acts as a menace to the nutrition of the cornea. The swelling in the region of this white band is slight, while the protected conjunctiva above and below it is greatly swollen and injected and may even bulge between the lids. 

When organic solvents are used, the effective dermal resorption must be controlled by means of suitable protective measures. The degreasing effects of solvents increase the dermal resorption of chemicals as a consequence of damage to the skin barrier. Chemicals which can be absorbed percutaneously and which have caustic effects are incorporated extremely quickly and effectively through the skin. Fatal accidents with hydrofluoric acid and phenol are well known in the literature, the chemical incorporation being effectively increased by the caustic effect of these compounds. Lethal amounts of these substances can be incorporated within a short period of time. 

Use Level 0.1 -0.5% (pigment dispersant in waterborne paints) 0.3-1.0% (in aliphatic solv.-based coatings) 30-100% (activator for bentonite) Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) > 2000 mg/kg caustic effect on skin, mucous membranes, eyes... 

In other words the extraet is very effective as a cell renewal agent at comparatively very low concentration without the drawbacks of the drastic, mechanical, exfoliating and caustic effect of the a-hydroxyacids. On the contrary the extract is anti-inflammatory as proven above while acting as a smooth cell renewing agent. It is, therefore, imdoubtful (in om opinion) that consmners will turn to the use of C. cunninghami for cell renewal in the near future. 

Caustic effect on skin, mucous membranes and eyes - No sensitizing effects are known. 

Caustic effect on skin and mucous membranes, can cause servere eye corrosion. Sensitization by skin contact is possible. 

Creeping currents (risk of fire), corrosion, caustic effects... 

Protective measures against corrosive and caustic effects of the electrolyte, e.g. sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in lead-acid batteries and potassium hydroxide (KOH) in NiCd batteries. 

For a pH greater than the pK, the AHAs are essentially moisturizers. The main differences between the moisturizing and caustic effects are due to the amount of neutralization of the alpha-hydroxy acid molecule which has taken place. Neutralizing the AHA with sodium or ammonium creates a salt with more moisturizing and less caustic effect. 

Thus we can propose to classify the substances used in the peels into three categories caustic, metabolic and toxic. Keep in mind that caustic effects are localized only to the areas the chemical touches, while toxic effects, although mainly localized in nature, can also affect cells some distance from where the chemical has been applied. 

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