Causal independence

This picture can indeed make clear why ontological dependence is compatible with causal independence. The idea is that ontological dependence operates on a deeper level. Let us assume that causal relations obtain between events. Take the event that it was raining in Amsterdam on January 10th, 1993 and the event of my thinking about that event. It is clear that my thinking about the event of the rain did not bring about the rain. The event of the rain is causally independent of the event of... 

The ideas of success and choiceworthiness interact in the following way. The idea of success involves a kind of causal independence of us. To be sure, whether a practice is successful or not depends on our actions. If we are stupid and careless, our practice will be less successful than it would be if we were clever and careful. But once we perform certain actions, it does not depend on us any more if the practice they belong to turns out to be successful or not. For example, you formulate... 

The relationship set out in Eq. (9-115) can also be viewed via a different chain of causality with (DCFRR) as a given parameter, (PBP) as the independent variable, and n as the variable whose value is being sought. Such an approach is the basis for the lines in Fig. 9-31, each of which shows the number of years of projec t life required to achieve an effective interest rate or a (DCFRR) of 20 percent by projects having various payback periods. The three hues differ from each other with respec t to the matter of inflation. 

The result is that while there is, in DM, something that might be called an information cone centered at each site, it is not really what we usually think of as a relativistic, light cone, for wliidi we can point to interior points and definitely say they arc causally related and know for sure that points outside of each other s light cones are completely independent. In DM it is simply false to say that only those events inside the information cone of the past can influence a present event the information cone can well consist of lights cones stretching into all directions, forward and back in time. 

Contemporary forest declines were initiated about 1950-1960, virtually simultaneously throughout the industrial world at the same time as damage to aquatic systems and structures became apparent. A broad array of natural and anthropogenic stresses have been identified as components of a complex web of primary causal factors that vary in time and space, interact among each other, affect various plant growth and development systems and may result in the death of trees in mountainous ecosystems. As these ecosystems decline, the alterations in forest ecology, independent of the initial causal complex, become themselves additional stress factor complexes leading to further alterations. 

National initiatives in North America and Europe are designed to reduce pollution emissions from both stationary and mobile sources. Independently of whether they succeed in reducing pollutant loadings, the available evidence indicates that alterations in affected forests will continue. Obviously, no one knows what affected forests will be like in 50 years. There is little doubt that they will be different. And the sooner the anthropogenic causal factors - all of them - are reduced qualitatively and quantitatively, the better are the chances of retaining or regenerating forests that will have meaning and value for those who will want to use them. 

Stages 5 and 6, the identification of latent conditions and affected safety barriers, cannot be retrieved. Due to the lack of the initial ineffective control elements, the corresponding latent conditions and affected safety barriers cannot be retrieved. The affected safety barriers can be independently identified from the accident information (as will be shown in an example given in this sub-Section). However, the causal relationship between ineffective control and the affected safety barrier cannot be established. 

The given inequalities are no longer satisfied and additional measures are required. To trigger an event (excess over design limits), at least two failures are necessary. Consequently the causal chain detailed under II a) and II b) must be interrupted by one measure in each case. These measures must be effective independently of one another. The same applies in respect of the measures concerning the failure mode which leads to a reduction in the solvent quantity D. 

Notably, in logistic regression-like other multivariate analyses-the effects of causal variables can be shown to influence probabilities of outcomes in response variables independently of one another. The likelihood of using a lawn care company is significantly higher for women than men, for example, no matter the income or education of individuals. 

Involvement of the pleura, i.e. formation of pleural plaques (fibrotic masses on the pleura) may accompany asbestosis or occur independently, that is, as lesions with no obvious causal relationship (Whitwell, 1978). Pleural plaques only occasionally cause symptoms, as when they restrict the motion of the lung by thickening the membrane (pleura) around the lung or disrupting tissue viability by calcifying. 

Among the multivariate statistical techniques that have been used as source-receptor models, factor analysis is the most widely employed. The basic objective of factor analysis is to allow the variation within a set of data to determine the number of independent causalities, i.e. sources of particles. It also permits the combination of the measured variables into new axes for the system that can be related to specific particle sources. The principles of factor analysis are reviewed and the principal components method is illustrated by the reanalysis of aerosol composition results from Charleston, West Virginia. An alternative approach to factor analysis. Target Transformation Factor Analysis, is introduced and its application to a subset of particle composition data from the Regional Air Pollution Study (RAPS) of St. Louis, Missouri is presented. 

Sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity The Working Group considers that a causal relationship has been established between the agent or mixture and an increased incidence of malignant neoplasms or of an appropriate combination of benign and malignant neoplasms in (a) two or more species of animals or (b) in two or more independent studies in one species carried out at different times or in different laboratories or under different protocols. 

In the causal approach of de Broglie one must also consider the 0 waves coming from the special generator. If in a first step it is assumed that the two independent sources S and S emit finite waves at the same time, the predicted intensity shall be given by the expression... 

The new, more general uncertainty relations (90) were derived in a causal framework assuming that the physical properties of a quantum system are observer-independent, and even more, that they exist before the measurement process occurs. Naturally, because of the unavoidable physical interaction taking place during the measurement process, when the other conjugated observable is to be measured, the quantum system may not remain in the same state. In any case, in the last instance, the precision of a direct concrete measurement for a nonprepared system depends on the relative size between the measurement basic apparatus and the system on which the measurement is being performed. 

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