Catalysts, beryllium chloride

Carbon tetrafluoride, 1 34 3 178 Carbon tetraiodide, 3 37 Carbonyl azide, formation of, by carbohydrazide, 4 35 Carbonyl fluoride, 6 155 Carbonyls, metal, 2 229 metal, nomenclature of, 2 264 structure of, 2 232 Catalysts, beryllium chloride, 5 25 boron fluoride, 1 23 chromium(III) oxide gel, 2 190... 

Beryllium chloride (BeClj) is used as a catalyst to accelerate many organic reactions, and beryllium chloride is the electrolyte used along with NaCl in the electrolytic process to produce beryllium metal. 

Beryllium chloride, an electron-deficient compound similar to aluminum chloride, is a Lewis acid. The anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic reactions. Its applications, however, are limited. 

Alkyl halides are common alkylating agents in this reaction. Benzene is converted to toluene at atmospheric pressure by methyl chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride. Nitroparaffins have been used as solvents for the aluminum chloride catalyst. An amalgamated aluminum Catalyst is more effective than aluminum chloride in certain alkylations by alkyl chlorides. Boron trifluoride must be accompanied by water, alcohol, or some other polar compound in order to be effective in similar alkylations. Hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, ferric chloride, and beryllium chloride also have been used as catalysts. 

The actual isolation of beryllium dialkyls in a pure state has only just been accomplished by Gilman and Schulze, and their work throws doubt upon the accurac of that of previous investigators. Their method of procedure is the one suggested by Krause and Wendt. In 1926, Durand claimed to have prepared beryllium methyl iodide, but the work has since been disproved by Gilman and Schulze. These workers have isolated beryllium alkyl halides by heating beryllium, alkyl halides, and ether in the presence of catalysts, such as mercuric chloride, beryllium chloride, or free bromine. The first aryl compound, beryllium phenyl iodide, has been prepared by a similar process. 

In a similar manner beryllium ethyl bromide, Be(C2Hg)Br, and beryllium n-butyl iodide, Ee(C4H9)I, are prepared. In these cases beryllium chloride or free bromine may be used as catalysts. 

Beryllium phenyl iodide, Be(CeHg)I, gives a positive test when prepared in the presence of mercuric chloride after fifteen hours heating at 80° to 90° C., and is also readily prepared by heating at 150° to 175° C. with either mercuric or beryllium chloride as catalyst. 

Several compounds of beryllium have important applications. The most commercially important beryllium compound is beryllium oxide (BeO), which is used in high-temperature applications, such as crucibles, microwave ovens, ceramics, and insulators. Beryllium oxide also finds use in gyroscopes and military vehicle armor. Beryllium chloride (BeCl2) is used as a catalyst in the synthesis of organic chemicals. Beryllium hydride (BeH2) is a source of hydrogen gas when mixed with water. Beryllium carbide (Be2C) is a source of neutrons in nuclear reactors. 

METHYL HYDRATE (67-56-1) CH O CH3OH Flammable liquid. Forms explosive mixture with air [explosion limits in air (vol %) 6.0 to 36.5 flash point 52 F/11 C autoignition temp 725°F/385°C 867°F/464°C " Fire Rating 3]. Violent reaction (possible fire and/or explosion) with strong oxidizers strong mineral acids (e.g., nitric, sulfuric, perchloric) acetyl bromide alkyl aluminum salts beryllium dihydride bromine, chromic acid l-chloro-3,3-difluoro-2-methoxycyclopropene, cyanuric chloride diethylzinc, isophthaloyl chloride potassium-ferf-butoxide phosphorus trioxide platinum-black catalyst (ignition) potassium sulfur diimide Raney-nickel catalysts 2,4,6-trichlorotriazine, triethylaluminum, 1,3,3 -trifluor o-2 -... 

MONOHYDROXYMETHANE (67-56-1) Forms explosive mixture with air (flash point 50°F/10°C). Violent reaction with strong oxidizers, acetyl bromide, alkyl aluminum salts, beryllium dihydride, bromine, chromic acid, l-chloro-3,3-difIuoro-2-methoxycyclopropene, cyanuric chloride, diethylzinc, isophthaloyl chloride, nitric acid, perchloric acid, potassium-tert-butoxide, potassium sulfur diimide, Raneynickel catalysts, 2,4,6-trichlorotriazine, triethy-laluminum, l,3,3-trifluoro-2-methoxycyclopropene. Incompatible with strong acids, strong caustics, alkalineearth and alkali metals, aliphatic amines, acetaldehyde, benzoyl peroxide,... 

Ethylaluminum dichloride Ethylaluminum sesquichloride Tetrabutyl titanate Tetraisopropyl titanate Triethylborane Trimethylaluminum catalyst, olefin polymers Tungsten hexachloride catalyst, olefin/diene polymerizationscatalyst olefin polymerizations Tri-n-hexylaluminum catalyst, olefinic addition Methanesulfonic acid catalyst, one-component RTV s Dibutyltin diisooctylmaleate catalyst, organic compounds chlorination Manganese chloride (ous), tetrahydrate catalyst, organic reactions Beryllium oxide Chromium oxide (ic) Copper bromide (ous) Copper phosphate (ic) Ferric chloride... 

Acid-catalyzed polycondensation of methyl ketones yields linear polymers (30). The chlorides of beryllium, zinc, and titanium were suitable catalysts. Monomer/catalyst ratios varying from 0.1 to 1.0 were employed (SO, 38, 41, 42). 

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