Catalyst, reformer

Reflux overhead vapor recompression, staged crude pre-heat, mechanical vacuum pumps Fluid coking to gasification, turbine power recovery train at the FCC, hydraulic turbine power recovery, membrane hydrogen purification, unit to hydrocracker recycle loop Improved catalysts (reforming), and hydraulic turbine power recovery Process management and integration... 

In the model equations, A represents the cross sectional area of reactor, a is the mole fraction of combustor fuel gas, C is the molar concentration of component gas, Cp the heat capacity of insulation and F is the molar flow rate of feed. The AH denotes the heat of reaction, L is the reactor length, P is the reactor pressure, R is the gas constant, T represents the temperature of gas, U is the overall heat transfer coefficient, v represents velocity of gas, W is the reactor width, and z denotes the reactor distance from the inlet. The Greek letters, e is the void fraction of catalyst bed, p the molar density of gas, and rj is the stoichiometric coefficient of reaction. The subscript, c, cat, r, b and a represent the combustor, catalyst, reformer, the insulation, and ambient, respectively. The obtained PDE model is solved using Finite Difference Method (FDM). 

Various catalysts used in the two processes have been described as follows zeolite, alumina, silica-alumina, FCC catalyst, reforming catalyst, and others. The most common catalysts used in the cracking of heavy hydrocarbons are acidic catalysts alumina and silica-alumina with mesopores, and also zeolite with micropores, etc. They are typically used in the commercial petroleum process. For the chemical properties of catalyst, the... 

Benzene derivatives compounds hydrogenation Arene hydrogenation Fuel cell catalysts Reformer gas into methanol... 

As the number of important catalyst families increased in the post World War II decades, researchers began to specialize in areas such as ammonia catalysts, reforming and cracking of petroleum fractions, Ziegler-Natta catalysts, zeolites, homogeneous catalysis, and use of enzymes as industrial catalysts. Creating a unified discipline of catalysis from all these fields continues to be challenge today as it was in the past. 

Bifunctional Catalysts. The complete reforming reaction sequence requires both metal-catalyzed dehydrogenation and acid-catalyzed isomerization and cyclization. It is clear that both acid and metal functionalities must exist on a satisfactory reforming catalyst. Reforming catalysts are often referred to as bifunctional, meaning that both metal and acid functions exist on the catalyst. Modern catalysts are platinum on alumina, typically modified by a number of additional elements. The platinum supplies the dehydrogenation function, and the alumina supplies the acidic function. The acidity of the alumina is enhanced through the adsorption of chloride. 

Figure 1.8 Power densities achieved for catalysts, reformers, fuel processing systems, fuel-cell stacks, and APUs.

Ferrandon, M., Mawdsley, J., and Krause, T. (2008) Effect of temperature, steam-to-carbon ratio, and alkali metal additives on improving the sulfur tolerance of a Rh/La-Al203 catalyst reforming gasoline for fuel cell applications. Appl. Catal. A Gen., 342, 69. 

Figure 4.26 Effect of aging by exposure to reformate at 60°C for 5 min on the performance of a platinum/ceria catalyst reformate composition2.2vol.%carbon monoxide, 11 vol.% carbon dioxide, 36 vol.% hydrogen, 29 vol.% nitrogen, 26 vol.% steam WHSV 20000 (h ) , fresh catalyst ...

The steam reformer model can handle feeds from methane to naphtha, with all the t5q)ical components that are present in natural gas, as well as recycled S5mthesis purge gas, or hydrogen recovery unit tail gases. Naphtha feed is characterized as about 30 chemical species, some of which are pure components, and some are hydrocarbon fractions (pseudo components). Each hydrocarbon species participates in a reaction that includes adsorption onto the catalyst, reforming, and desorption. The model includes diffusion effects within the catalyst, as well as heat transfer resistance from the bulk gas to the catalyst surface. 

Platinum-catalyst-reformed gasoline exhibits a strange behavior. If the Research method of test is used, it behaves as a base stock as shown in curves 3 and 4 of Fig. 4-46, but if the Motor method is used, the... 

Fixed-bed Houdry and Cycloversion catalytic cracking, platinum catalyst reforming, the original Hydroforming installations, and the desulfurization processes are examples. 

Fig. 21-6. Approximate relation of octane number to yield of reformate by platinum-catalyst reforming of 200-400°F naphthas (also yields of propane and butane). See reference 33a for the effect of boiling range on the octane number of chaise stocks.

Fig. 21-13. Platinum catalyst reforming processes (regenerative and nonregenerative.)...

Key characteristics of selected hydrocarbon oxidation electrodes Direct Oxidation Catalysts Reforming Catalysts Cracking catalysts Current Collection Mixed Electronic/Ionic Conductors Electrochemical enhancement... 

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