Catalyst alpha olefins

Shell Higher Olefin Process) plant (16,17). C -C alcohols are also produced by this process. Ethylene is first oligomerized to linear, even carbon—number alpha olefins using a nickel complex catalyst. After separation of portions of the a-olefins for sale, others, particularly C g and higher, are catalyticaHy isomerized to internal olefins, which are then disproportionated over a catalyst to a broad mixture of linear internal olefins. The desired fraction is... 

Linear alpha-olefins are the source of the largest volume of ahphatic amine oxides. The olefin reacts with hydrogen bromide in the presence of peroxide catalyst, to yield primary alkyl bromide, which then reacts with dimethylamine to yield the corresponding alkyl dimethyl amine. Fatty alcohols and fatty acids are also used to produce amine oxides (Fig. 1). 

Rhodium catalyst is used to convert linear alpha-olefins to heptanoic and pelargonic acids (see Carboxylic acids, manufacture). These acids can also be made from the ozonolysis of oleic acid, as done by the Henkel Corp. Emery Group, or by steam cracking methyl ricinoleate, a by-product of the manufacture of nylon-11, an Atochem process in France (4). Neoacids are derived from isobutylene and nonene (4) (see Carboxylic acids, trialkylacetic acids). 

U. Moll and M. Lux, Manufacture of ethylene/alpha olefin copolymers with metallocene catalysts in slurry loop... 

Fischer Tropsch technology is best exemplified by the SASOL projects in South Africa. After coal is gasified to a synthesis gas mixture, it is purified in a rectisol unit. The purified gas mixture is reacted in a synthol unit over an iron-based catalyst. The main products are gasoline, diesel fuel, and jet fuels. By-products are ethylene, propylene, alpha olefins, sulfur, phenol, and ammonia which are used for the production of downstream chemicals. 

Linear alcohols used for the production of ethoxylates are produced by the oligomerization of ethylene using Ziegler catalysts or by the Oxo reaction using alpha olefins. 

Oligomerization of ethylene using a Ziegler catalyst produces unbranched alpha olefins in the C12-C16 range by an insertion mechanism. A similar reaction using triethylaluminum produces linear alcohols for the production of biodegradable detergents. 

Alpha olefins could also be carbonylated in presence of an alcohol using a cobalt catalyst to produce esters ... 

Linear alcohols (C12-C26) are important chemicals for producing various compounds such as plasticizers, detergents, and solvents. The production of linear alcohols by the hydroformylation (Oxo reaction) of alpha olefins followed by hydrogenation is discussed in Chapter 5. They are also produced by the oligomerization of ethylene using aluminum alkyls (Ziegler catalysts). 

Benzene can be alkylated in the presence of a Lewis or a Bronsted acid catalyst. Olefins such as ethylene, propylene, and C12-C14 alpha olefins are used to produce benzene alkylates, which have great commercial value. Alkyl halides such as monochloroparaffms in the C12-C14 range also serve this purpose. 

Alkylation of benzene with linear monoolefms is industrially preferred. The Detal process (Figure 10-9) combines the dehydrogenation of n-paraffins and the alkylation of benzene. Monoolefms from the dehydrogenation section are introduced to a fixed-bed alkylation reactor over a heterogeneous solid catalyst. Older processes use HF catalysts in a liquid phase process at a temperature range of 40-70°C. The general alkylation reaction of benzene using alpha olefins could be represented as ... 

By adding up to 36% ethylene glycol to the aqueous catalyst phase, the space-time yield could be boosted up to approx. 3 mt m-3 h-1 for propene hydroformylation, a factor of 20 in comparison to the conventional two-phase process without changing the reaction conditions. Because of this surprising speed-up, higher alpha-olefins up to 1-octene are converted with high to acceptable space-time yield (Fig. 22). Up to date this process is not commercialized, but has been tested in a continuous pilot plant. 

Ziegler process. The chemistry of the Ziegler catalyst route to alpha olefins is the same as. you read in Chapter 15, The Higher Alcohols. The treatment here is another approach, and you might find it instructive. Or not. 

This chemistry is sometimes accomplished simultaneously in one reactor and sometimes in two separate reactors. In the former, the triethyl aluminum catalyst is lost in the latter, it is recycled. Sometimes the displacement compound is butene-1 or hexene-1, depending on the chain length of the final alpha olefin desired and the change in operating conditions necessary to effect the displacement reaction. 

The process operates in the liquid phase by dissolving the ethylene in an inert solvent such as cyclohexane or isopentane. The metallocene catalyst is also injected to the mix. The solvent has several important functions. It keeps in solution the alpha olefins produced as well as the ethylene and catalyst. It also enhances the catalyst activity and selectivity. 

The ethylene- and catalyst-laden solvent is injected continuously into the reactor at 250-300°C and 1300 psi where the ethylene molecules react to create almost exclusively C4, Cg, Cs, and Cio, straight-chain alpha olefins in the proportions shown in Table 21-3. 

The reactor effluent is fed to the spent catalyst separation section where catalyst is removed, treated to remove any volatile hydrocarbons, and sent to be regenerated. The effluent is then distilled to remove and recycle unreacted ethylene, then fractionated into high purity alpha olefins. The reaction solvent is also recovered for recycling. Olefin conversion per pass is 50—60%, with the combined yields of C4-C10 alpha olefins of 93%. 

Lead dichloride occurs in nature as the mineral cotunnite. The compound is used in making many basic chlorides, such as Pattison s lead white. Turner s Patent Yellow, and Verona Yellow, used as pigments. Also, it is used as a flux for galvanizing steel as a flame retardant in nylon wire coatings as a cathode for seawater batteries to remove H2S and ozone from effluent gases as a sterilization indicator as a polymerization catalyst for alpha-olefins and as a co-catalyst in manufacturing acrylonitrile. 

The hydroformylation capabilities of halophosphite catalysts are not limited to propylene or alpha olefins. A variety of other olefins have been examined and representative examples are presented in Table 4. 

Studies of the reactions of propylene and alpha-olefins show that the Ziegler-Natta isotactic polymerizations are between the highly cationic and mildly anionic catalysts. 

Compounds with 6 to 18 carbons are the most common alpha olefins (a-olefins) and Ziegler catalysts are used in this process. Certain olefins such as nonene (C9) and dodecene (C12) can also be made by cracking and dehydrogenation of n-paraffins, as practiced in the petrochemical section of a refinery. 

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