Castela

S. malacoxylon (Solanaceae) animals Castela nicholsoni [wood], Perriera madagascarimsis [fruit], Quassia spp. [seed] (Simaroubaaceae) Post-ingestion from a-, [5- y-carotene other carotenes... 

Simaroubaceae 15 a. Brucea javanica (57-59) 15b. Castela texana 60) 15c. Hannoa klaineana 61) 15d. Simaba multiflora 56, 62) 15e. Soulamea soulameoides (56)... 

Both microfiltration (02 m) and ultrafiltration (4 nm) alumina membranes are very effective in removing bacterias. For example, the bacteria level of a lagoon water is reduced from 1,000-5,000/cm to 0.03-0.4/cm and 0.03-0.1/cm with the microHltration and ultrafiltration membrane, respectively [Castelas et al., 1984]. The total coliform level drops from 50-500/cm to zero for both types of membranes. The accompanying permeate flux is 600-1,200 L/hr-m for 70 hours for the microfiltration membrane when the water contains a low level of colloids and only 200 L/hr-m for 20 hours when the concentrations of colloids and organic materials are high. The ultrafiltration flux varies between 100 and 250 L/hr-m for 1,000 hours of operation. 

Microriltraticiii and ultraTiltratiop of lees or crude wines. More specifically, crossflow micro- and ultra-filtration ceramic membranes have the potential for replacing all the above separation steps except cold treatment [Castelas and Serrano, 1989]. When using inorganic membranes for removing bacterias, yeasts or suspended particles, the choice of the pore size is very important in determining the filtrate flux and the rejection performance of these materials from wines. 

Figure 6.8 Permeate flux of a white and a red wine using 0.2 pm alumina membrane [Castelas and Senrano, 1989)...

The impact of membrane filtration is not limited only to the quality of red wines. It is also ol rved with white wines. Given in Table 6.8. are the microfiltration results of a white and a red wine using 0.2 pun alumina membranes [Castelas and Serrano, 1989]. The TMP and crossflow velocity are 2 bars and 4.5 m/s, respectively. The changes on the wine quality are very obvious in almost every property. 

Castelas, B., and M. Serrano, 1989, Utilization of mineral membranes for wine treatment, in Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Inorg. Membr., Montpellier, France, p.283. 

Castelas, B., R. Rumeau, L. Cot, C. Guizard and J.A. Alary, 1984, Application de la filtration tangentielle sur membrane mindralc h la d6contamination bacterienne des eaux, presented at 4 6me joumces information Eaux, Poitiers, France. 

Roth S, Delmont E, Heudier P, Kaphan R, Cua E, Castela J, Verdier JM, Chichmanian RM, Fuzibet JG. Anticorps anti-TNF alpha (infliximab) et tuberculose a propos de 3 cas. Rev Med Interne 2002 23(3) 312-16. 

According to Castelas and Serrano [53] microfiltration with pore sizes over 0.4 pm does not influence the wine, whereas pore sizes of 0.25 pm and lower disturb the organoleptic characteristics of the wine. However the complete removal of bacteria can only be achieved by 0.2 pm. Fouling of the membranes (Membralox) with coarser pore sizes, limits fluxes to 40-601/m h, 0.2 pm is less affected and retains a flux of 851/m h. 

The structure of a new bitter-tasting quassinoid, named peninsularinone (111) isolated from the roots of Castela peninsularis... 

A new quassinoid, 11 -<9-iram-/ -coumaroyl amarolide (112) isolated from Castela texana and the structure was elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Compound (112) is the first coumaroyl quassinoid derivative to be isolated from nature [50], Testing in the antimalarial bioassay showed that (112) possessed moderate antimalarial activity without potent cytotoxicity. 

Castela tortuosa Liemb, a medicinal plant known as chaparro amargo in Mexico, was administered by the ancient Mexican people to treat liver diseases and is currently used to heal stomach aches and spasmodic pain [51],... 

Chaparramarin (113) exhibited moderate insect inhibitory activity against the lepidopteran pest insect, Heliothis virescem (tobacco budworm) [51]. Three quassinoids glycosides, casteloside A (115), casteloside B (116), and casteloside C (117) were also from the bark of Castela tortuosa [53-54],... 

Chaparrin (244), which can be obtained in relatively large amount from Mexican Castela species, lacks these structural features and does not possess antineoplasic activity [119]. 

The 5(R)- and 5(,S)-polyandranes (33 and 29), Zus-lactones, were isolated from Castela texana and Castela polyandra [17], respectively, and have been shown by single-crystal X-ray analysis to possess the novel carbon skeleton. In view of the structural similarity between the polyandranes and the C20 quassinoids, it has been suggested that (33) and (29) are derived biogenetically from chaparrinone (226) [134]. 

---