Casale process

The Claude-Casale process, which is a high-pressure ammonia... 

Claude (1) Also called Claude-Casale. A high-pressure ammonia synthesis process, developed by G. Claude in the 1920s. The Claude and Casale processes used much higher temperatures and pressures than the Haber-Bosch process, which succeeded them. 

The disadvantage of this layout is that all impurities present in the synthesis gas or introduced by the make-up and recycle compressors are passed directly to the synthesis converter. Therefore, this layout is used mainly in cases where catalyst poisons are removed very efficiently from the synthesis gas, and where non-lubricated compressors such as centrifugal compressors are used for makeup gas compression and recirculation. This loop layout has been used in many commercial processes. Some early examples are the Fauser process [406], the Fauser Montecatini process [407] and the Casale process [408] (both with ejector recycle), and the modified Claude process [384] (in the original Claude process a series of converters with intermediate cooling and product recovery was used this is the only process which has ever been used commercially without... 

Arrangements corresponding to the 4 nozzle design have been used in many commercial processes including the Grande Paroisse process [423] and processes by Uhde [424,425] and Topsoe [426,427]. The 3-nozzle design has e.g. been used in the Casale process (with recycle done by an ejector) [384, 408, 428] and notably by M.W. Kellogg [429-432]. 

The synthesis pressure has, as mentioned above, an important influence on the performance of the ammonia synthesis loop because of its influence on the reaction equilibrium, reaction kinetics, and gas/liquid equilibrium in the product separation. A wide range of operation pressures has been used in practice, from less than 100 bar (in the early Mont Cenis process and recently in the ICI AMV-process) to 1000 bar (in the early Claude and Casale processes). The trend in modern plants has been to select operating pressure in the low to medium pressure range typical operating parameters for modern synthesis loops at two different pressures are given in Table 6.1. 

Casale The first synthetic ammonia process, designed by L. Casale, who founded Ammonia Casale of Lugano, Switzerland, in 1921. See Claude (1). 

Planas-Cuchi, E., Montiel, H. Casal, J. 1997. A Survey of the Origin, Type and Consequences of Fire Accidents in Process Plants and in the Transportation of Hazardous Materials. Trans IChemE, Vol. 75, Part B, pp. 3-8. 

A flow diagram of (he direct synthesis of ammonia as practiced at the TVA(Tennessee Valley Authority), is given on pp A298-9 Following is the list of "direct synthesis" processes practiced currently in various countries a)Haber-Bosch(Refs 19,32,38,39, 42,48 80) b)Casale(Refs 19,38,39 80)... 

Maranga L, Rueda P, Antonis AF, Vela C, Langeveld JP, Casal JL, Carrondo MJT (2002b), Large scale production and downstream processing of a recombinant porcine parvovirus vaccine, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 59 45-50. 

Some of the ammonia process technologies that are available include KAAP/ /m.s , Haldor Topspe, LAC (or Linde Ammonia Concept), LCA (or Leading Concept Ammonia), Ammonia Casale, and Uhde. 

The high-pressure Claude-Casale ammonia synthesis process in the 1920s.1,12,20,21... 

Other companies that offer ammonia process technology are Linde,208,214 ICI,16,17 Ammonia Casale,204,209,210,213 and Uhde.211... 

Megammonia A process for making ammonia. It uses oxygen instead of steam, and novel axial-radial reactors that reduce pressure-drop and catalyst quantities. Developed by Lurgi Oel-Gas-Chemie and Ammonia Casale, for which they received the AstraZeneca Award for Green Chemistry in 2003. 

Ammonia-Casale, which proposes a technology that remodels the processes with carbamate decomposition by gas stripping the SRR (Split Reaction Recycle) process. This involves adding to the synthesis loop in place a side reaction section operating at 20 to 22.10 Pa absolute, with an N/C ratio of 4 to 5, making it possible to reach the... 

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