Carotenoids thin layer chromatography

The fatty/waxy products contained the lipophilic substances, including fatty oils, waxes, resins and colorants. Valuable pharmacological effects were proved for some minor constituents of these products (e.g. triterpenes, diterpenes, sterols and carotenoids). Thin layer chromatography and on-line UV-VIS spectroscopy were used for the quick identification and quantity determination of these compounds using authentic samples as standards. The SFE method proved favorable in terras of both extraction yield and speed of carotenoids. The CO2 extracts of the lavandin, clary sage and thyme have been enriched in triterpenic compounds (a-es P-amyrin, oleanic acid, ursolic acid, etc.) and phytosterols. Both free and esterified triterpenoids were present in the extracts of the different samples. Furthermore camosol and other diterpenes were detected in the SFE extract of Lamiaceae plants. The fatty acid composition was only slightly different for extracts obtained by SFE and conventional hexane extraction. 

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been by far the most important method for separating chlorophylls. Open column chromatography and thin layer chromatography are still used for clean-up procedures to isolate and separate carotenoids and other lipids from chlorophylls and for preparative applications, but both are losing importance for analytical purposes due to their low resolution and have been replaced by more effective techniques like solid phase, supercritical fluid extraction and counter current chromatography. The whole analysis should be as brief as possible, since each additional step is a potential source of epimers and allomers. 

Mercadante A.Z. and Rodriguez-Amaya, D.B., Screening of carotenoids comparison of thin-layer chromatography with high-efficiency thin-layer chromatography, with multiple development, Cienc. Tecnol. Alim., 11, 200, 1991. 

J. Deli, Thin-layer chromatography of carotenoids. J. Planar Chromatogr. — Mod. TLC 11... 

The removal of sterols, vitamin E vitamers, carotenoids, and other interfering material from the unsaponifiable fraction of food samples has been achieved using one or more of the following techniques coprecipitation of sterols with digitonin (91), precipitation of sterols from a methano-lic solution (195,209), adsorption chromatography on open columns of alumina (70,91,96), thin-layer chromatography on silica plates (209), and solid-phase extraction on silica (68,100) and reversed-phase (210) cartridges. 

Isaksen M and Francis GW, Reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography of carotenoids. J Chromatogr 355 358-362 (1986). 

When exposed to light the plantlets turned green within 2-4 hrs i. e. without the typical lag of etiolated plants of the same age (Fig. 7). Greening seemed to occur even advanced. The other remarkable property was a tremendous change in carotenoid contents. Analyzed by thin layer chromatography the content of lutein in heat-shock plantlets grown in the dark is 50% of that found after 8 hrs of illumination while in the etiolated controls only traces of lutein were found even after 8 hrs of illumination. 

Indrasena, W. M., Parrish, C. C., Ackman, R. G. et al. (1990) Separation of lipid classes and carotenoids in Atlantic salmon feeds by thin layer chromatography with latroscan flame ionization detection. Bulletin of Aquaculture Association of Canada, 4, 36-40. 

Hodisan, T. Socaciu, C. Ropan, I. Neamtu, G. Carotenoid composition of Rosa canina fruits determined by thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 1997,16, 521-528. 

Rodid, Z., Simonovska, B., Albreht, A., and Vovk I. 2012. Determination of lutein by high-performance thin-layer chromatography using densitometry and screening of major dietary carotenoids in food supplements, J. Chromatogr A, 1231 59-65. 

Crapatmeanu, S., Rosea, G., Neamtu, G., Socaciu, C., Britton, G., and Pfander, H. 1996. Carotenoids from seabuckthom frnit determined by thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry. Rev. Roum. Biochim., 33 167-174. 

Britton, G. 2008. TLC of carotenoids. In Thin Layer Chromatography in Phytochemistry, Waksmundzka-Hqnos, M., Sherma, J., and Kowalska, T., Eds., CRC Press/Taylor Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, Chapter 21. 

Kirchner (1978) has discussed the utility of thin-layer chromatography for the following natural pigments chlorophylls, carotenoids, xanthophylls, flavonoids, anthocyanins, porphyrins, and bile. From the standpoint of practical TLC, the most important of these pigments are the chlorophylls, carotenoids, xanthophylls, and anthocyanins, and it is these pigments that are considered further in this chapter. For practical TLC of the flavonoids, consult Harbome (1984, 1992). For information on the TLC of porphyrins, see Doss (1972), Dolphin (1983), and Jacob (1992). Jain (1996) has provided useful information on the examination of porphyrins (in studies on clinical porphyrias) by TLC in clinical chemistry. 

Francis, G. W., and Isaksen, M. (1988). Thin-layer chromatography of carotenoids with tertiary alcohol-petroleum ether solutions as developing solvents. J. Food Sci. 53 979-980. 

Bolliger, H. R., and Konig, A. (1969). Vitamins, including carotenoids, chlorophylls, and biologically active quinones. In Thin Layer Chromatography. A Laboratory Handbook, E. Stahl (Ed.). Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 259-311. 

Although thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and open-column chromatography have played important roles historically in analysis of retinoids and carotenoids, both methods have been almost completely supplanted by HPLC. Paper chromatography has never been employed extensively for retinoid or carotenoid analysis. 

Several reports on the carotenoid composition in 17 species of lichens have appeared. Column and thin-layer chromatography on alumina or silica were used to separate the carotenoids (255-259). 

By a combination of column and thin-layer chromatography and of spectrophotometry as many as 37 carotenoids in extracts of butterflies have been characterized. In most species lutein epoxide was found to be the predominant carotenoid. Specimens of the same species of butterfly collected in different months quite frequently contained different carotenoids (273). Saponified acetone extracts of the Japanese stick insect Neophirasea japonica were analyzed by a combination of TLC and HPLC on Hitachi gel columns with CHCI3/CH3CN as the mobile phase (274). Carotenoids in poplar hawkmoth caterpillars were analyzed by TLC... 

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