Carotenoids genotypes

Analysis in diverse lines can facilitate identification of useful alleles that control expression of enzymes upstream of the carotenoid pathway, a feature that would not be evident from conventional end-product screening of breeding lines. Moreover, this characterization sets the stage for marker-assisted selection of superior endogenous alleles and facilitates selection of introduced transgenes that may be necessary to supplement the genotypic contribution required for a particular plant chemical outcome. 

Giuntini, D., G. Graziani, B. Lercari et al. 2005. Changes in carotenoid and ascorbic acid contents in fruits of different tomato genotypes related to the depletion of UV-B radiation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 3174-3181. 

FIGURE 24.4 Silkworm genetic loci responsible for carotenoid transport, (a) List of the genetic loci. + indicates a recessive allele of I. (b) Schematic illustration of the function of the F, I, and C genes. Only larvae with the genotype Y + C] transport carotenoids into the silk gland and create yellow cocoons. 

Fresh peppers are excellent sources of vitamins A and C, as well as neutral and acidic phenolic compounds (Howard and others 2000). Levels of these can vary by genotype and maturity and are influenced by growing conditions and processing (Mejia and others 1988 Howard and others 1994 Lee and others 1995 Daood and others 1996 Simmone and others 1997 Osuna-Garcia and others 1998 Markus and others 1999 Howard and others 2000). Peppers have been reported to be rich in the provitamin A carotenoids (3-carotene, a-carotene, and (3-cryptoxanthin (Minguez-Mosquera and Hornero-Mendez 1994 Markus and others 1999), as well as xanthophylls (Davies and others 1970 Markus and others 1999). Bell peppers have been shown to exert low antioxidant activity (Al-Saikhan and others 1995 Cao and others 1996 Vinson and others 1998) or may even act as pro-oxidants (Gazzani and others 1998). 

Lima VLAG, Melo EA, Maciel MIS, Prazeres FG, Musser RS and Lima DES. 2005. Total phenolic and carotenoid contents in acerola genotypes harvested at three ripening stages. Food Chem 90 565-568. 

A. Levy, S. Harel, D. Palevitch, B. Akiri, E. Menagem and J. Kanner, Carotenoid pigments and / -carotene in paprika fruits (Capsicum spp.) with different genotypes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 43 (1995) 362-366. 

The content of flavonoids and carotenoids in plants is influenced by multiple factors, including genotype and environmental conditions. Genotype is regarded as the most influential factor determining the levels of SPMs in crops. Environmental... 

Carotenoid content in immature soybean was affected by genotype, with mean lutein contents ranging from 8.9 to 21.2 ppm and P-carotene from 2.9 to 4.9 ppm based on dried weight (Simonne et al., 2000). The amount of P-carotene decreased more rapidly than that of lutein and chlorophylls during seeds maturation. Mature soybean seeds contained little P-carotene. In commercial mature soybeans, lutein content range was 0.8-3.7 ppm in seed, and no detectable P-carotene was present (Kanamaru et al., 2006). 

In most A. chinensis genotypes, the lutein contents are much lower than that in Hayward and other green-fleshed cultivars, whereas the p-carotene contents are almost of the same or of a slightly higher level than that in Hayward (Table IV). These data suggest that the yellow flesh color of A. chinensis is mainly attributable to the absence of chlorophyll from the fruit instead of an abundance of these carotenoids. 

In 2009, a group of The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand measured the levels of key carotenoids across the various genotypes with the different pigmentation phenotypes in order to understand the molecular basis on the diversity of carotenoid accumulation in kiwifruits. 

Table 8. Concentrations ( g/lOOg edible part) of carotenoids and chlorophylls in fleshes of three genotypes of Mpl61,...

Four these Actinidia genotype kiwifruit were esterified for their esterified carotenoids. Just after kiwifruit harvest, any carotenoids were not found in the ripe green kiwifruit Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward. Their biosynthetic route of carotenoids is unclear in detail [38, 39]. 

Beta modifier mo modifies the expression of Beta. In BB mog mos genotypes 90 % of the carotenoid content is present as p-carotene and the fruits are orange. On the other hand, in BB mob mos 50 % of the carotenoids are present as p-carotene and lycopene accumulates up to less than 50 % of total carotenoids, resulting in red-orange fmits [35]. 

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