Carotenoid cleavage

SCHWARTZ s H, QIN X and ZEEVAART J A (2001) Characterisation of a novel carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase from plants , J Biol Chem, 276, 25208-11. 

In intestinal cells, carotenoids can be incorporated into CMs as intact molecules or metabolized into mainly retinol (or vitamin A), but also in retinoic acid and apoc-arotenals (see below for carotenoid cleavage reactions). These polar metabolites are directly secreted into the blood stream via the portal vein (Figure 3.2.2). Within intestinal cells, retinol can be also esterified into retinyl esters. 

The aroma and red color of the spice saffron are partly due to the style-specific accumulation of carotenoid cleavage products produced by both enzymatic and thermal degradation. M. Giaccio reviewed the renewed interest in saffron as a colorant, spice, and nutraceutical. " Crocetin is a C20 apocarotenoid derived from zeaxanthin (Figure 5.3.4B). ... 

Auldridge, M.E., McCarty, D.R., and Klee, H.J., Plant carotenoid cleavage oxygenases and their apocarotenoid products, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 9, 315, 2006. 

Ohmiya, A. et ah. Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CmCCD4a) contributes to white color formation in Chrysanthemum petals. Plant Physiol. 142, 1193, 2006. 

Schwartz, S.H. et al.. Substrate specificity and kinetics for VP14, a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase in the ABA biosynthetic pathway, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1619, 9, 2003. 

Siems, W, Capuozzo, E, Crifo, C, Sommerburg, O, Langhans, CD, Schlipalius, L, Wiswedel, I, Kraemer, K, and Salerno, C, 2003. Carotenoid cleavage products modify respiratory burst and induce apoptosis of human neutrophils. Biochim Biophys Acta 1639, 27-33. 

Note Tor, torulene LSO, hgnostilbene ISO, isoeugenol , full-length carotenoid cleavage , activity not known. 

Auldridge, M. E., A. Block et al. (2006). Characterization of three members of the arabidopsis carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase family demonstrates the divergent roles of this multifunctional enzyme family. Plant J. 45(6) 982-993. 

Booker, J., M. Auldridge et al. (2004). MAX3/CCD7 is a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase required for the synthesis of a novel plant signaling molecule. Curr. Biol. 14(14) 1232-1238. 

Cao, Y. R., X. L. Guo et al. (2005). Isolation and characterization of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase genein halophyte Suaeda salsa. Plant Growth Regul. 46(1) 61-67. 

Fleischmann, R, K. Studer et al. (2002). Partial purification and kinetic characterization of a carotenoid cleavage enzyme from quince fruit (Cydonia oblonga). J. Agric. Food Chem. 50(6) 1677-1680. 

Ibdah, M., Y. Azulay et al. (2006). Functional characterization of CmCCDl, a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase from melon. Phytochemistry 67(15) 1579-1589. 

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