Cardiovascular disorders hypertension

Other Pathologies. Because of their many varied physiologic effects, the eicosanoids are involved in a number of other pathologic conditions. Prostaglandins have been implicated in cardiovascular disorders (hypertension), neoplasms (colon cancer), respiratory dysfunction (asthma), neurologic disorders (multiple... 

People of any age with chronic pulmonary or cardiovascular disorders, including asthma but not including hypertension. 

The [ -adrenoreceptors antagonists (also called [)-blockers) comprise a group of chiral drugs that are mostly used in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, or ischemic heart disease. Teicoplanin is the chiral selector most exploited for the enantioseparation of this class of compounds, followed by vancomycin. Several P-blockers have been analyzed, particularly in the... 

Cardiovascular effects Use with caution in patients with cardiovascular disorders including coronary insufficiency, ischemic heart disease, history of stroke, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, CHF, and hypertension. 

Atrial fibrillation is commonly associated with heart failure, and the prevalence of atrial fibrillation is related to the severity of heart failure, with less than 5% affected with very mild heart failure to nearly 50% affected with advanced heart failure [66]. Heart failure and atrial fibrillation are both common cardiovascular disorders and share the same demographic risk factors, including age, history of hypertension, prior myocardial infarction, and valvular heart disease [67, 68]. Further, the incidence of heart failure increases dramatically after the diagnosis of atrial fibrillation [69]. Progression of LV dysfunction can clearly be associated with rapid ventricular rates [70-76]. Conversely, conversion to normal sinus rhythm or control of ventricular response in atrial fibrillation can improve LV function [71-74, 77]. Accordingly, rate control becomes very important in patients with heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy, and likely even more so when ischemia from rapid rates complicate the patient s course. 

Modern diuretics (natriuretics, saluretics), as used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, are administered with the aim to enhance the renal excretion of sodium ions and water. Older diuretics, such as the osmotic diuretic agents, are of little interest in the treatment of the aforementioned cardiovascular disorders, but may be used to lower intracranial pressure associated with brain edema. 

Contraindications Anesthesia with cyclopropane or halothane, diabetes (ephedrine injection), hypersensitivity to ephedrine or other sympathomimetic amines, hypertension or other cardiovascular disorders, thyrotoxicosis... 

CCAs (channel blockers influx inhibitors) have been used primarily for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders (e.g., supraventricular arrhythmias, angina, and hypertension). Agents such as verapamil exert their effects by modulating the influx of Ca across the cell membrane, thus interfering with calcium-dependent functions. Based partly on the common effects of lithium and this class of drugs (e.g., effects on Ca "" activity), the CCAs have been studied as a potential treatment for mania. Janicak et al. (251) reported the results of a 3-week, double-blind comparison of verapamil versus placebo, which did not demonstrate a beneficial effect for verapamil (up to 480 mg/day) in 33 acutely manic hospitalized patients. 

Abdominal obesity is associated with a threatening combination of metabolic abnormalities that includes glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia (low HDL and elevated VLDL), and hypertension. This clustering of metabolic abnormalities has been referred to as syndrome X, the insulin resistance syndrome, or the metabolic syndrome. Individuals with this syndrome liave a significantly increased risk for developing diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disorders. For example, men with the syndrome are three to four times more likely to die of cardiovascular disease. 

An important characteristic of both classes of ion channel is that they possess multiple diug binding sites. Many of the channel-active drugs have achieved particular therapeutic importance, including, for example, the Ca2+ antagonises, widely used for a number of cardiovascular disorders, such as hypertension. 

The benefit of glucocorticoid therapy is often limited by several adverse reactions, including cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension and atherosclerosis. Plasma volume expansion due to sodium retention plays a minor role, but increased peripheral vascular resistance, due in part to an increased pressor response to catecholamines and angiotensin II, plays a major role in the pathogenesis of hypertension induced by glucocorticoid excess. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. 

Adverse Effects. The primary adverse effects associated with mycophenolate mofetil are blood disorders (anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia) and gastrointestinal problems (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, diarrhea, constipation).50 Other side effects include chest pain, cough, dyspnea, muscle pain, weakness, and cardiovascular problems (hypertension, arrhythmias). 

Systemic beta-blockers are used extensively far the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders. Of the available oral beta-blockers, atenolol, metoprolol, nadolol, pindolol, propranolol, and timolol have been documented to produce a dose-dependent reduction in lOP. The ocular hypotensive effect associated with systemically administered beta-blockers can be compared with that achieved with topically applied beta-blockers such as timolol. Although specific studies have not been conducted with most of the remaining systemic beta-blockers, these agents might also be expected to reduce lOP at clinically useful doses. 

Sorkin EM, Clissold SP. Nicardipine. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy, in the treatment of angina pectoris, hypertension and related cardiovascular disorders. Drugs 1987 33(4) 296-345. 

Verapamil, proprietaiy name Calan, is a calcium channel blocker that is effective in the treatment of various cardiovascular disorders, including angina (classical and variant), arrhythmias (paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia), atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis), hypertension, congestive heart failure, and Raynaud s phenomenon, along with the preservation of ischemic myocardium and the treatment of migraine headaches. 

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