Cardiovascular and blood disorders

CH04 CARDIOVASCULAR AND BLOOD DISORDERS to upper body... 

As with cardiac and blood disorders, respiratory disease is relatively common in many older patients. However, there are common respiratory disorders that affect younger people as well. Although there are probably not as many diseases of the respiratory system as there are of the cardiovascular system, there are still a number of important groups of drugs that are used to treat respiratory disorders and their use can be life saving. 

A 38-year-old man with a family history of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease makes an appointment for a routine physical examination with a physician he has not seen before. He explains that his father died young of a heart attack and that two paternal uncles have suffered strokes in their late 40s. Physical examination reveals yellowish lumps on his eyelids (xanthelasmas, which are often associated with a lipid disorder) and a resting blood pressure of 186/95 mm Hg. There is some excess visceral fat, and his body mass index calculates to 26.5. Total serum cholesterol (476 mg/dL) and triglycerides (288 mg/dL) are elevated and subsequent angiography reveals atherosclerotic restrictions of at least two coronary arteries. 

Adverse Effects. Quinine is associated with many adverse effects involving several primary organ systems. This drug may produce disturbances in the CNS (headache, visual disturbances, ringing in the ears), gastrointestinal system (nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain), and cardiovascular system (cardiac arrhythmias). Problems with hypersensitivity, blood disorders, liver dysfunction, and hypoglycemia may also occur in some individuals. 

Adverse Effects. The primary adverse effects associated with mycophenolate mofetil are blood disorders (anemia, leukopenia, neutropenia) and gastrointestinal problems (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, diarrhea, constipation).50 Other side effects include chest pain, cough, dyspnea, muscle pain, weakness, and cardiovascular problems (hypertension, arrhythmias). 

Renal and hepatic disease Cardiovascular disease Pulmonary disorders Thyroid disease Diabetes Seizure disorders Affective and mental disorders Pregnancy Myasthenia gravis Erythema multiforme Blood dyscrasias Immune status... 

Prolonged and/or repeated skin contact may result in dermatitis and may cause eye irritation and corneal injury. Chronic exposure may cause kidney and liver damage, anemia, stomach pains, vomiting, diarrhea, blood disorders, and cardiovascular effects if RP is contaminated with WP. 

Aberrant thrombus formation and deposition on blood vessel walls imderlies the pathogenesis of acute cardiovascular disease states which remain the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in the industrialized world [1,2,3]. Plasma proteins, proteases and specific cellular receptors that participate in hemostasis have emerged as important risk considerations in thrombosis and thromboembolic disorders. The clinical manifestations of the above disease states include acute coronary artery and cerebrovascular syndromes, peripheral arterial occlusion, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary/renal embolism [3]. The most dilabilitating acute events precipitated by these disorders are myocardial infarction and stroke. In addition, the interplay between hemostatic factors and hypertension (4) or atherosclerosis (5) dramatically enhances the manifestation of these pathologic states. 

There are many disorders of the cardiovascular system and blood. Common cardiovascular disorders are cardiac failure, ischaemic heart disease, arrhythmias and hypertension. Although these conditions cannot be cured by drug therapy, there are many drugs available to help control them. Cardiac glycosides are useful in cardiac failure and arrhythmias because they improve myocardial contractility and slow conduction through the heart. 

Systematic follow-up studies have been reported on after effects of exposure to the toxic gas on the population of Bhopal (Gupta et al. 1988 Rastogi et al. 1988 Sri-vastava et al. 1989 Saxena et al. 1988). The symptoms pertained to respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems. The respiratory impairment involved bronchial obstruction, pulmonary defect, and ventilatory disorder. Behavior studies showed that visual perceptual response was severely affected. Among the biochemical parameters, there was an increase in hemoglobin values, lymphocyte and eosinophil counts, serum ceruloplasmin, and creatinine content in urine, while a decrease in blood glutathione was observed in the exposed people. 

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