Cardinal signs

As observed by Celus, a Roman physician during the first century A.D., the four cardinal signs characterize inflammation swelling, redness, heat, and pain. Swelling/edema occurs in response to the accumulation of fluids from damaged capillaries following injury. Increased fluid accumulation leads to increase capillary permeability. Histamine, produced and released by resident mast cells, also... 

The clinical presentation of osteomyelitis may vary depending on route and duration of infection, as well as patient-specific factors such as infection site, age, and comorbidities. In hematogenous osteomyelitis, the patient typically experiences systemic and localized signs and symptoms.3 4 7 12 13 In comparison, patients with chronic infection typically present with only localized signs and symptoms.4 6 A cardinal sign of chronic osteomyelitis is the formation of sinus tracts with purulent drainage.2,3,6... 

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension There have been reports of idiopathic intracranial hypertension. A cardinal sign of idiopathic intracranial hypertension is papilledema early symptoms may include headache (associated with a change in frequency, pattern, severity, or persistence of particular importance are those headaches that are unremitting in nature) and visual disturbances. 

Adrenal insufficiency may result from hypofunction of the adrenal cortex (primary adrenal insufficiency, Addison s disease) or from a malfunctioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary system (secondary adrenal insufficiency). In treating primary adrenal insufficiency, one should administer sufficient cortisol to diminish hyperpigmentation and abolish postural hypotension these are the cardinal signs of Addison s disease. 

Adverse reactions to dextropropoxyphene include nausea, vomiting, sedation, dizziness, constipation, and skin rash, with a frequency of incidence somewhat less than that seen with codeine use. Although respiratory depression is a cardinal sign of acute dextropropoxyphene poisoning, the drug apparently does not affect respiration in the usual therapeutic doses of 32 to 65 mg. 

Extrapyramidal disorder characterized by reduction in velocity of normal movements, paucity of movements and inability to initiate normal movements. Cardinal sign of Parkinson s disease. 

Increased body temperature, increased basal metabolic rate, and/or profuse perspiration may be regarded as cardinal signs of DNOC toxicosis in humans because they are directly related to the mechanism of action of DNOC and occur irrespective of the route of exposure. Based on results from human studies, case reports, and limited animal studies, weight loss and changes in the endocrine system also may be also expected to occur in humans exposed to DNOC. 

A local increase in concentration of TNF will cause the cardinal signs of inflammation heat, swelling, redness and pain. Whereas high concentrations of TNF induce shock-like symptoms, prolonged exposure to low concentrations of TNF can result in cachexia, a wasting syndrome. 

When PD becomes clinically overt, tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability are considered to be the cardinal signs of the disease. The course of the disease is chronic and progressive, and may be considerably complicated by a wide range of motor and nonmotor features, many of which contribute to increased disability as well as diminished quality of life in patients and caregivers (Schrag et al.,... 

Emesis, ataxia, and mydriasis are cardinal signs of ivermectin toxicity. The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of escalating high-dose ivermectin have been studied in 68 healthy subjects in a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled study (21) in the following doses ... 

The inflammatory response is a complex process that occurs following cellular injury. The injury results in the formation and release of a myriad of cell mediators that are responsible for producing early inflammatory events. These include increased microvascular permeability, followed by the leakage of blood components and migration of leukocytes into the interstitial space. These physiological events are responsible for the five cardinal signs of inflammation erythema, edema, pain, heat and loss of use. 

The clinical manifestations of thyrotoxicosis include nervousness, anxiety, palpitations, emotional lability, easy fatigability, and heat intolerance. A cardinal sign is loss of weight concurrent with an increased appetite. 

Cardinal signs Action-oriented, brave, willing to take the initiative... 

The most readily available animal models generally reflect acute or subacute reactions because they are simple, reproducible and provide clues to the biochemical and cellular mechanisms involved in the transition from acute to chronic inflammation. The cardinal signs of inflammation are the end points for the measurement of anti-inflammatory drug action (erythema, hyperemia, edema or exudation). 

The injured tissue becomes red, swollen, warm and loses its normal function. These, along with pain, are the five cardinal signs of inflammation. It is important not to confuse inflammation and infection because they are not the same. 

Persistent vomiting is the cardinal sign, but abdominal distension may not be a conspicuous feature. The vomiting is bile-stained when the obstruction is below the ampulla of Vater (70% of cases), and clear but persistent in supra-ampullary lesions. 

A cardinal sign of a lesser degree of trauma in hippocampal slices, especially in the CAl and dentate gyrus, is the appearance of multiple population spikes in response to weak afferent stimulation. Such conditions... 

Acute inflammation - a short-term process appearing in a few minntes or honis -is usually characterized by five cardinal signs mbor, calor, tumor, dolor, and fiinctio laesa. However, the acute inflammation of an internal oi nmay not be manifested by the full set of signs. 

Vitamin A deficiency has been characterized (Eddy and DalldorP) by three cardinal signs xerophthalmia, dermatosis, and night blindness. These pathological conditions have been recognized ffom the time of Hippocrates, and their occurrence has been known in many parts of the world since then. It is only recently, of course, that knowledge of vitamins has rendered their cause more obvious. 

The cardinal signs of iliopsoatic dysfunction in the standing and supine positions are as follows ... 

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