Carboxylic acids and related compounds

Carboxylic acids and related compounds. Acids such as formic and acetic dimerize in the vapour state. The structures of the monomer and dimer of formic 

Many studies have been made of oxalic acid, which has two anhydrous polymorphs and of oxalates, (NH4)2C204. H20, K2C2O4. H20,  

KHC204 etc. Although the dihydrate of the acid is not an oxonium salt there is comparatively little difference between the dimensions of the (COOH)2 molecule in (C00H)2. 2 H20, (h), and of the ion in alkali-metal salts, (i). Points of 

Evidently, although formic acid is close to 0=CC, i,. with a marked difference 

Two cyclic ions are conveniently included here. They are the square planar C4O4 ion in the potassium salt of 3 4-diketocyclobutene diol, K2C4O4.  

The carboxylic acid group is widely used to attach organic species to filler surfaces. Anchoring to the filler is thought to proceed by salt formation with mineral fillers or esterification with organic fillers such as cellulosic products. The first type of attachment is effective on fillers with basic and amphoteric surfaces, such as carbonates and hydroxides, but not so useful on acidic surfaces such as found on silicas and silicates. 

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CARBONYLATION OF ARYL AND VINYL HALIDES LEADING TO CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS... 

Another approach to preparing enantiomerically pure carboxylic acids and related compounds is via enanhoselective reduction of conjugated double bonds using NAD(P)H-dependent enoate reductases (EREDs EC 1.3.1.X), members of the so-called Old Yellow Enzyme family [44]. EREDs are ubiquitous in nature and their catalytic mechanism is well documented [45]. They contain a catalytic flavin cofactor and a stoichiometric nicotinamide cofactor which must be regenerated (Scheme 6.23). 

In Chapter 9 you see the basic structure of each of the carboxylic acids and Ccirboxylic acid derivatives. In this chapter we focus on the carboxylic acids and related compounds, such as esters, acyl chlorides, and acid anhydrides, and we also include some information on amides (see Chapter 13 for an additional examination of cimides). Before you can get into synthesis and reactions, though, you need to understand the structure and nomenclature of these compounds. 

Khwaja, H. A., "Atmospheric Concentrations of Carboxylic Acids and Related Compounds at a Semiurban Site, Atmos. Environ., 29, 127-139(1995). 

O., Koehler, R., Kluge, A. F., etal. Synthesis and antiinflammatory and analgesic activity of 5-aroyl-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrrole-1 -carboxylic acids and related compounds, J. Med. Chem. 1985, 28, 1037-1049. 

Dissociation Constants op the 1,2,5-Thiadiazolb Carboxylic Acids and Related Compounds in Water... 

Miller, R. S., Curtin, D. Y., and Paul, I. C. Reactions of molecular crystals with gases. I. Reactions of solid aromatic carboxylic acids and related compounds with ammonia and amines. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 96, 6329-6334 (1974). 

Cyclization of Amino Carboxylic Acids and Related Compounds. .. 7... 

Proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) and related compounds are considered as amino acids (see Section... 

Figure 3, Synthesis of substituted 3,4-dihydro-4-oxopyrimido[4,5-h]quinoline-2-carboxylic acids and related compounds...

Neutralizing inhibitors lessen the corrosivity of the environment by decreasing hydrogen ion (H+) concentration, which reduces the concentration of the corrosive reactant. Neutralizers function by controlling the corrosion caused by acidic materials such as hydrogen chloride, CO2, sulfur dioxide (SO2), carboxylic acids, and related compounds (Neville and Wang 2009). 

Some examples of the more important alkylation reactions with relatively acidic carbon acids are included in the reactions shown in Scheme 1.4. These reactions are important means of synthesizing a variety of ketones, carboxylic acids, and related compounds, as illustrated in Scheme 1.5. These reactions share a common mechanism involving base-catalyzed formation of a carbanion followed by nucleophilic attack via an Sn2 mechanism. The alkylating agent must be a suitable substrate for an Sn2 reaction. Primary halides and sulfonates are the best substrates. Secondary systems usually give poorer yields because of competition from elimination... 

D,L-2-phenyl-5,5-dimethylthiazolidine carboxylic acid D,L-2-(2-nitrophenyl)-5,5-dimethylithiazolidinc carboxylic acid and related compounds... 

Raisz, L.G., C. Alander, C. Onklinkokx, and G.A. Rodan Effects of Thiophen-2-Carboxylic Acid and Related Compounds on Bone Resorption in Organ Culture. Calcif. Tissue Int. 37, 556 (1985) (C.A. 103, 206184s, 1985). 

In the previous section, synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives bearing fluorinated alkyl substituent at C-2 atom was discussed. Derivatives of fluorinated carboxylic acids and related compounds were used as the fluorine sources. The most important method for the preparation of other chain-fluorinated pyrimidines is the principal synthesis from fluoroalkyl-substituted three-carbon bis-electrophiles (e.g. p-dicarbonyl compounds). A huge number of fluorinated bis-electrophiles were introduced in the principal synthesis of pyrimidines bearing fluoroalkyl substituent at C-4 atom of the heterocyclic ring (Fig. 24), including fluorine-containing ... 

Chapter 17 Alcohols, carboxylic acids and related compounds... 

Salts and esters of carboxylic acids and related compounds are named by placing the name of the metal or the esterifying group in front of the name of the acid anion, separated by a space. Joint occurrence of both functions is indicated accordingly. Acid salts and esters are named analogously. Complex cases can also be named more descriptively ... salt or. .. ester of. .. acid. (Similar provisions are valid for other acid derivatives such as amides and nitriles.)... 

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