Carboxylic acid Organic compound salts

Xiao-Hua Yang et al. [ 1 ] determined nanomolar concentrations of individual low molecular weight carboxylic acids (and amines) in seawater. Diffusion of the acids across a hydrophobic membrane was used to concentrate and separate carboxylic acids from inorganic salts and most other organic compounds prior to the application of ion chromatography. Acetic propionic acid, butyric-1 acid, butyric-2 acid, valeric and pyruvic acid, acrylic acid and benzoic acid were all found in reasonable concentrations in seawater. 

This would embrace alkoxides (ROM), carboxylate salts (RCOOM), amides (R,2NM) and other similar metallic salts of acidic organic compounds. Classical organometallic chemistry would then limit itself to those compounds containing a direct cr-bond between carbon and a metal. 

Organic compounds will generally be soluble in an organic solvent. The exceptions may be sodium or potassium salts of carboxylic acids or amine salts. These compounds will be soluble in water, and insoluble in solvents such as ether or di-chloromethane (methylene chloride). 

Organic or inorganic inhibitors This distinction is based on the chemical nature of the inhibitor. However, in their inhibitive action many compounds that are organic in nature as, for example, the sodium salts of carboxylic acids, often have more similarities with inorganic inhibitors. 

The reaction of alcohols with CO was catalyzed by Pd compounds, iodides and/or bromides, and amides (or thioamides). Thus, MeOH was carbonylated in the presence of Pd acetate, NiCl2, tV-methylpyrrolidone, Mel, and Lil to give HOAc. AcOH is prepared by the reaction of MeOH with CO in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a Pd compound, an ionic Br or I compound other than HBr or HI, a sulfone or sulfoxide, and, in some cases, a Ni compound and a phosphine oxide or a phosphinic acid.60 Palladium(II) salts catalyze the carbonylation of methyl iodide in methanol to methyl acetate in the presence of an excess of iodide, even without amine or phosphine co-ligands platinum(II) salts are less effective.61 A novel Pd11 complex (13) is a highly efficient catalyst for the carbonylation of organic alcohols and alkenes to carboxylic acids/esters.62... 

Another Pd-catalyzed reaction of aryl- and alkylzinc halides used carboxylic anhydrides as starting organic compounds (Scheme 127).328 One of the advantages of this method is that anhydrides can be synthesized in situ from the corresponding sodium salts of carboxylic acids and ethyl chloroformate. The scope of the method includes aliphatic and aromatic anhydrides, phenyl-, ethyl-, isopropyl-, and n-butylzinc iodides. 

The dianhydride of perylene tetracarboxylic acid is converted into the pigment form by preparing the corresponding alkali salt and then reprecipitating the compound with an acid. The dianhydride is formed after separating the acid by thermal aftertreatment at 100 to 200°C, possibly under pressure, with an organic solvent. The list of suitable media includes alcohols, ketones, carboxylic acid esters, hydrocarbons, and dipolar aprotic solvents. 

Soluble loss of a reagent (extractant, modifier, or diluent) from the solvent phase is an inherent part of the solvent extraction process, since all organic compounds are soluble, to some extent, in water. The conditions prevailing in the system can also promote solubility, which can be a particular problem if the composition and properties of the aqueous phase are inflexible. For example, the solubility of alkylphosphoric acid and carboxylic acid extractants is dependent on temperature, pH, and salt concentration in the aqueous phase. 

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