Carbonyl group suffix

Diketones contain two carbonyl groups and are named by adding the suffix -dione to the parent hydrocarbon, and by indicating the position of the carbonyl groups using the smallest numbers possible. Diketones are generally used as specialty chemical intermediates in the pharmaceutical, flavor, fragrance, and dye industries. 

The most senior of other functional groups expressed in the suffix receives the lowest possible locant, i.e. carboxylic acid (derivatives) > (potential) ketonic carbonyl groups. 

The carbonyl group in glucose and ribose is an aldehyde such compounds are termed aldoses. Fructose, by contrast, has a ketone group and is therefore classified as a ketose. Glucose could also be termed an aldohexose and fructose a ketohexose, whereas ribose would be an aldopentose, names which indicate both the number of carbons and the nature of the carbonyl group. Another aspeet of nomenclature is the use of the suffix -ulose to indicate a ketose. Fructose could thus be referred to as a hexulose, though we are more likely to see this suffix in the names of specific sugars, e.g. ribulose is a ketose isomer of the aldose ribose. 

The presence of a ring carbonyl group is indicated by the suffix -one and its position by a numeral, e.g. 1-one , 2-one , etc. the numeral indicating the position of the carbonyl group is placed immediately before the name of the parent compound unless numerals are used to designate the position of heteroatoms, when it is placed immediately before the suffix. Compounds containing groups (10) or (13) are frequently named either as derivatives of (9) and (12) or of (11) and (14). 

Common names for simple aldehydes are frequently encountered. These common names are derived from the common names for the related carboxylic acid (see Section 12.4) by replacing the suffix -ic acid with the suffix -aldehyde. Thus, the aldehyde related to acetic acid is acetaldehyde. If the carbonyl group of an aldehyde is attached to a ring system, the compound can be named as a hydrocarbon with the suffix -carbaldehyde. (Some sources use -carboxaldehyde.)... 

Aldehydes contain a carbonyl group (C=0) to which at least one hydrogen atom is attached. The suffix -al is placed on the end of the name of aldehydes. For example, the molecule CH3CH2COH is known as propanal. Aldehydes must have the carbonyl on the last carbon on the chain (in order to have the hydrogen atom attached to the carbon). As a result, there is no need for the use of numbers to distinguish the position of the carbonyl group. 

Ketones have the carbonyl group attached to an interior carbon atom of an organic compound. The carbonyl group gives the molecular polarity, thus many ketones are used as solvents. In the naming of ketones, you need to replace the ending of the molecule with the suffix -one. A number is used to indicate the position of the carbonyl group in the molecule. 

Find the longest chain containing the carbonyl group, and change the -e ending of the parent alkane to the suffix -one. 

The trivial names of the aldoses can be used as prefixes to determine the stereochemistry for other chiral compounds. However, in this case, the -ose suffix is omitted and the prefix is written in italics (Figure 2.8). In this respect, it should be mentioned that the chiral centers can be separated by one or more nonchiral centers. If the number of chiral centers exceeds four (e.g., in heptose, octose, nonose, etc. derivatives), a multiple configurational prefix is added to the stem name (Figure 2.9). In this case, the first four chiral centers are selected, followed by the remaining ones. However, the name of the compound starts with the prefix of the chiral center with the highest location. In the case of ketoses, if the carbonyl group is not at C-2, then its location should also be given in the name. 

Aldehydes are usually called by their common names. These are derived from the name of the acid with the same number of C atoms (Table 27-9). The systematic (TUPAC) name is derived from the name of the parent hydrocarbon. The suffix -al is added to the characteristic stem. The carbonyl group takes positional precedence over most other substituents. 

The longest carbon chain containing the carbonyl group is selected and numbered starting with the carbon atom nearest the carbonyl group. If substitutents are present on the main chain, they are indicated by number of the carbon atoms to which they are attached. The number of the carbon atom of the carbonyl group is added to the front of the ketone. The IUPAC system replaces the -e of the name of the corresponding alkane by the suffix -one. 

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