Carbonates, organic Carbonic acid esters

Solid Peroxygen Compounds. Hydrogen peroxide reacts with many compounds, such as borates, carbonates, pyrophosphates, sulfates, sihcates, and a variety of organic carboxyHc acids, esters, and anhydrides to give peroxy compounds or peroxyhydrates. A number of these compounds are stable sohds that hydrolyze readily to give hydrogen peroxide in solution. 

Classification Organic compd. carbonic acid ester Empirical C4H6O3... 

The concept of the GPE was first proposed by Feuillard and Perche (1975). It contains a small amount of organic liquid known as a plasticizer, such as cyclic carbonic acid ester and chain-like ester (propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, etc.). Until now it has been the most common approach for the ion conductivity to reach the magnitude of 10" S/ cm at room temperature. Plasticizer-containing polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer host was reported to provide... 

Dialkylphosphonoacetic acid esters react with p-aminobenzoic acid to anilides. The potassium salt of the diamyl ester is said to be surface-active [126]. Phosphorus organic carbonic acid amides can also be obtained by the following reaction [127] see Eq. (76). 

Organic acid esters carbonates (e.g. ethyl carbonate), formates, acetates (e.g. ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, amyl acetate), propionates, etc., oxalates (e.g. ethyl oxalate), maleates, phtha-lates (e.g. butyl phthalate) carbamates and phenylcarbamates (e.g. ethyl phenylcarbamate). 

An ester is an organic molecule similar to a carboxylic acid except that in the ester the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a carbon. Unlike carboxylic acids, esters are not acidic because they lack the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group. Like aldehydes, many simple esters have notable fragrances and are used as flavorings. Some familiar ones are listed in Table 12.4. 

CARBONATE. A compound resulting from the reaction of either a metal or an organic compound with carbonic acid. The reaction with a metal yields a salt (calcium carbonate) and lhal wilh an aliphatic or aromatic compound forms an ester, e.g., dieihylcarbonaie. diphenyl carbonate. The latter arc liquids used as solvents and in synthesizing polycarbonate resins. See also Carbon. 

Notes. (1) The mother-liquors from the washings and recrystallisations are saved for the recovery of 4-nitrophthalic acid. The combined mother-liquors are concentrated to small bulk and the organic acids extracted into ether. Upon esterification of the residue after evaporation of the ether by the Fischer-Speier method (Section 5.12.3, p. 695), the 3-nitro acid forms the acid ester and may be removed by shaking the product with sodium carbonate solution, while the 4-nitrophthalic acid yields the neutral diester. Hydrolysis of the neutral ester gives the pure 4-nitrophthalic acid, m.p. 165 °C. (2) The acid may also be recrystallised from glacial acetic acid. 

For a carboxylic acid and an amine to form an amide, the carboxylic acid usually must be activated that is, it must be converted to a more reactive functional group. Conversion to an acyl chloride is a common way to accomplish this for normal organic reactions (see Chapter 19). However, acyl chlorides are quite reactive and do not give high enough yields in peptide synthesis because of side reactions. Therefore, milder procedures for forming the amide bond are usually employed. In one method the carboxylic acid is reacted with ethyl chloroformate (a half acyl chloride, half ester of carbonic acid) to produce an anhydride. Treatment of this anhydride with an amine results in the formation of an amide ... 

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