Carbon hydrogen production

Hydrocarbons, mineral oil products, carbon hydrogenation products... 

Fig. 1. Hydrogen production flow sheet, showing steam reforming, shift, hot potassium carbonate CO2 removal, and methanation.

Shift Conversion. Carbon oxides deactivate the ammonia synthesis catalyst and must be removed prior to the synthesis loop. The exothermic water-gas shift reaction (eq. 23) provides a convenient mechanism to maximize hydrogen production while converting CO to the more easily removable CO2. A two-stage adiabatic reactor sequence is normally employed to maximize this conversion. The bulk of the CO is shifted to CO2 in a high... 

The first commercial oil-fumace process was put into operation in 1943 by the Phillips Petroleum Co. in Borger, Texas. The oil-fumace blacks rapidly displaced all other types used for the reinforcement of mbber and today account for practically all carbon black production. In the oil-fumace process heavy aromatic residual oils are atomized into a primary combustion flame where the excess oxygen in the primary zone bums a portion of the residual oil to maintain flame temperatures, and the remaining oil is thermally decomposed into carbon and hydrogen. Yields in this process are in the range of 35 to 50% based on the total carbon input. A broad range of product quaHties can be produced. 

The carbon monoxide concentration of gas streams is a function of many parameters. In general, increased carbon monoxide concentration is found with an increase in the carbon-to-hydrogen ratio in the feed hydrocarbon a decrease in the steam-to-feed-carbon ratio increase in the synthesis gas exit temperature and avoidance of reequiUbration of the gas stream at a temperature lower than the synthesis temperature. Specific improvement in carbon monoxide production by steam reformers is made by recycling by-product carbon dioxide to the process feed inlet of the reformer (83,84). This increases the relative carbon-to-hydrogen ratio of the feed and raises the equiUbrium carbon monoxide concentration of the effluent. 

There is a general understanding of the reasons why nutrients are critical to the productive capacity of biological systems. The dry biomass of plants and animals comprises some 20 elements, the predominant atoms being those of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Moreover, ideally they are required in fairly... 

A significant modification in the stereochemistry is observed when the double bond is conjugated with a group that can stabilize a carbocation intermediate. Most of the specific cases involve an aryl substituent. Examples of alkenes that give primarily syn addition are Z- and -l-phenylpropene, Z- and - -<-butylstyrene, l-phenyl-4-/-butylcyclohex-ene, and indene. The mechanism proposed for these additions features an ion pair as the key intermediate. Because of the greater stability of the carbocations in these molecules, concerted attack by halide ion is not required for complete carbon-hydrogen bond formation. If the ion pair formed by alkene protonation collapses to product faster than reorientation takes place, the result will be syn addition, since the proton and halide ion are initially on the same side of the molecule. 

General Incineration (oxidation) is the best-known method for the removal of gaseous industrial waste. Combustible compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are converted to carbon dioxide and water by the overall exothermic reactions [Eq. (13.72)]. When chlorinated or sulfur-containing compounds are present in the effluent, the products of combustion include HCl/CE or S02/S03. ... 

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