Carbon from phenolic resins

Lin, R. Y. and Economy, J., Preparation and properties of activated carbon fibers derived from phenolic resin precursor, Appl. Polym. Symp., 1973, 21, 143 152. 

In lithium-ion battery applications, it is important to reduce the cost of electrode materials as much as possible. In this section, we will discuss hard carbons with high capacity for lithium, prepared from phenolic resins. It is also our goal, to collect further evidence supporting the model in Fig. 24. 

Fig. 32. Reversible capacity of microporous carbon prepared from phenolic resins heated between 940 to 1 I00°C plotted as a function of the X-ray ratio R. R is a parameter which is empirically correlated to the fraction of single-layer graphene sheets in the samples.

Zheng, L., Zhong Q., and Dahn J.R. High-Capacity Carbons Prepared from Phenolic Resin for Anodes of Lithium-Ion Batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, 211-214 (1995). 

Oya, A., Yoshida, S., Abe, Y., Iizuka, T. and Makiyama, N., Antibacterial activated carbon fiber derived from phenolic resin containing silver nitrate, Carbon, 1993, 31(1), 71 73. 

H. Kita, H. Maeda, K. Tanaka and K. Okamoto, Carbon Molecular Sieve Membranes Prepared from Phenolic Resin, Chem. Lett. 179 (1997). 

Zheng T, Zhong Q, Dahn JR. High-capacity carbons prepared from phenolic resin for anodes of lithium-ion batteries. J Electrochem Soc 1995 142 L211-L214. 

The collector is molded from a mixture of carbon and phenolic resin which incorporates an in-situ formed titanium foil shield on the anode side to prevent corrosion. Small laboratory-sized collectors have accumulated over 12,000 hours of operational evaluation to date. Figure 7 shows large-sized molded collectors with 21/2 ft 2 active area. 

A quantitative evaluation of the shape and size of pores in activated carbon spheres prepared from phenolic resin was attempted by Vignal et al. [31]. To this end, the authors proposed a numerical method based on contour maps from the STM images. Although... 

A graphite plate (HOPG) and carbon particles, which were made from phenolic resin by pyrolyzmg above 2000TI.. were used to form a nanospace with carbonaceous surfaces The particles were evacuated at I lOTl for 24 h before use. The graphite plate was freshly cleaved before measurement. 

The development of ACF and AC cloths is closely related to that of carbon fibers (CFs). This makes that the raw materials used for the preparation of ACFs be, chronologically, the same as for CFs. Thus, in 1966, viscose and acetate cloths were, like for CFs, the first materials used to obtain ACFs [4, 5]. The low yield of the ACFs, and CFs, obtained from the above precursors, oriented the research towards the seek of other raw materials for the preparation of cheaper CFs and ACFs with a higher yield. In this way, ACFs were prepared from 1970 using lignin (with the brand of Kayacarbon ALF), polyvinylchloride [6] (i.e., Saran polymer, already used to obtain ACs) and phenolic precursors [7]. The high yield and the good mechanical properties of the ACFs obtained make these precursors very useful for this application. In fact. Economy and Lin [8] developed ACFs from a phenol formaldehyde precursor, which are commercialized since 1976 under the name of Novolak. In 1980, Kuray Chemical Co. Ltd commercialized ACFs from phenolic resin under the name of Kynol. ... 

Figure 7.9 Formation profiles for CO, CO2, and NO in the combustion of activated carbon from phenol-formaldehyde resin with 4-hydroxypyridine addition (260 jxmol N/g) in 5% O2 in He at 853 K. (From ref. 88, with permission from Elsevier.)...

Figure 7.13 demonstrates the accelerating effect of increasing nitrogen content on the activity in aging of activated carbons from phenol-formaldehyde resin, in which part of the phenol was substituted by aniline [164]. The surface area was from 700 to 840 m /g. The oxidation rate increased almost linearly with the nitrogen content. Conversion to carbonate proceeds much more slowly at room temperature reaction times of one to two months were necessary to obtain well-measurable results [163]. 

Sintering and post-HIP of B4C blends 20 and 40vol.-% TiB2 and 0, 1.2, and 4.8 mass- /o free carbon derived from phenolic resins yielded full density samples which have been examined by SEM and TEM. A SEM micrograph of a 20 vol.-% TiB2 composite is shown in Fig. 68. Despite the fact that 1.2 mass-% free... 

Liu, C. L., W. S. Dong, G. P. Cao et al. 2008. Some effects of textural properties of carbon fibers from phenolic resins on double-layer capacitance in aprotic electrolyte. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 155 F124-F131. 

Fibers are also produced from phenolic resins. A novolak with Af 800 g/mol is spun at 200 m/min from a melt at 130°C. The product is subsequently cured with formaldehyde gas at 100-150° C over a period of 6-8 h. The yellowish fiber has an extensibility of 30% and carbonizes in a flame with retention of shape. The fibers are mostly used for noninflammable working clothes. End group acetylation gives white fibers, since quinone methyne formation is not possible [see also Equation (25-17)]. 

Micron-sized carbon fibers are synthesized from phenolic resin fibers such as Kynol [27]. The carbon fibers prepared are typically in an activated form, which produces well-developed mesopores for use in applications as high-surface area... 

Cai, Q., Huang, Z.-H., Kang, F. Yang, J.-B. 2004. Preparation of activated carbon microspheres from phenolic-resin by supercritical water activation. Carbon, 42, 9. 

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