Carbon dioxide speed

Disaster struck swiftly and without warning. On August 21, 1986, Lake Nyos in Cameroon, a small nation on the west coast of Africa, suddenly belched a dense cloud of carbon dioxide. Speeding down a river valley, the cloud asphyxiated over 1700 people and many livestock. 

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate The uncatalyzed hydration of carbon dioxide is too slow to be effective m transporting carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs and so animals have devel oped catalysts to speed this process The activity of carbonic anhydrase is remarkable It has been estimated that one molecule of this enzyme can catalyze the hydration of 3 6 X 10 molecules of carbon dioxide per minute... 

The evolution of caibon dioxide essentially follows the stoichiometiy of acid—base reactions. Baking soda determines the amount of carbon dioxide evolved, whereas the type of acid controls the speed of hberation. The reaction equations for some acids with baking soda ate as follows ... 

The use of carbon dioxide gas for shielded arc welding with semiautomatic microwire welding equipment has led to welding speeds up to 10 times those obtainable within conventional equipment. No cleaning or wire bmshing of the welds is required (45) (see Welding). 

Leiber (1980) describes this accident, which occurred in Haltern, Germany, on September 2, 1976. A rail car carrying 231,000 kg (470,000 lb) (90% full) of carbon dioxide exploded. The tank s contents were at 100 psi (7 bar) pressure and - 15°C (5 F) temperature. At the moment of the explosion, the car was passing through a railroad shunting yard in Haltern at a speed of about 16 km/h (10 mph). 

Impingement attack Copper may occasionally suffer this form of attack in systems where the speed of water flow is unusually high and the water is one that does not form a protective scale, e.g. a soft water containing appreciable quantities of free carbon dioxide . Ball valve seatings may also suffer an erosive type of attack. The corrosion of ball valves, including the effect of chlorination of the water, has been studied by several workers... 

The graph below shows the distribution of molecular speeds for helium and carbon dioxide at the same temperature. 

Agitation speed Dissolved carbon dioxide Optical density... 

The nature of these processes requires the supply of clean compressed air to blow the hot melt located within the blow mold. Other gases can be used, such as carbon dioxide, to speed up cooling of the blown melt in the mold. The gas usually requires at least a... 

H.17 The psychoactive drug sold as methampheramine ( speed ), CI0H,N, undergoes a series of reactions in the body the net result of these reactions is the oxidation of solid methamphetamine by oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide gas, liquid water, and nitrogen gas. Write the balanced equation for this net reaction. 

The most probable speeds of methane and carbon dioxide are slower than the most probable speed of hydrogen, but CH4 and CO2 molecules have larger masses than H2. When kinetic energy calculations are repeated for these gases, they show that the most probable kinetic energy is the same for all three gases. 

The deprotection of carbobenzyloxy protected phenylalanine was carried out in a low-pressure test unit (V= 200 ml) equipped with a stirrer, hydrogen inlet and gas outlet. The gas outlet was attached to a Non Dispersive InfraRed (NDIR) detector to measure the carbon dioxide. During the reaction the temperature was kept at 25 °C at a constant agitation speed of 2000 rpm. In a typical reaction run, 10 mmol of Cbz protected phenylalanine and 200 mg of 5%Pd/C catalyst were stirred in a mixture of 70 ml ethanol/water (1 1). The Cbz protected phenylalanine is not water-soluble but is quite soluble in alcoholic solvents conversely, the water-soluble deprotected phenylalanine is not very soluble in alcoholic solvents. Thus, the two solvent mixture was used in order to keep the entire reaction in the solution phase. Twenty p.1 of the corresponding modifier was added to the reaction mixture, and hydrogen feed was started. The hydrogen flow into the reactor was kept constant at 500 ml/minute and the progress of the reaction was monitored by the infrared detection of C02 in the off-gas. 

Some chemical reactions proceed very slowly, others with explosive speed, and still others somewhere in between. The dissolving of underground limestone deposits by water containing carbon dioxide to form caverns is an example of a slow reaction it can take centuries. The explosion of TNT is an example of a very rapid reaction. 

Assay preparation. Transfer not less than 20 Capsules to a blender jar or other container, and add about 150 mL of methylene chloride, and cool in a solid carbon dioxide acetone mixture until the contents have solidified. If necessary, transfer the mixture of capsules and methylene chloride to a blender jar, and blend with high-speed blender until all the solids are reduced to fine particles. Transfer the mixture to a 500-mL volumetric flask, add n-heptane to volume, mix, and allow solids to settle. Transfer an accurately measured volume of this solution, equivalent to 250 mg of valproic acid, to a 100 mL volumetric flask, dilute with w-heptane to volume, and mix. Transfer 5.0 mL to a container equipped with a closure. Add 2.0 mL of the internal standard solution, close the container, and mix. 

And each particle in the gaseous state can move at amazingly high speeds indeed, they are often supersonic. For example, an average atom of helium travels at a mean speed of 1204 ms-1 at 273.15 K. Table 1.4 lists the mean speeds of a few other gas molecules at 273.15 K. Notice how heavier molecules travel more slowly, so carbon dioxide has a mean speed of 363 ms-1 at the same temperature. This high speed of atomic and molecular gases as they move is a manifestation of their enormous kinetic energy. It would not be possible to travel so fast in a liquid or solid because they are so much denser - we call them condensed phases. 

The second approach was taken by practicing liquid chromatographers. They routinely dealt with thermally labile, highly polar molecules and frequently sacrificed resolution, and speed in their separations because of the aqueous mobile phases that were required. With the enhanced diffusion and decreased viscosity of supercritical fluids over liquids, chromatographic run-time and resolution could be improved when supercritical fluids were used. But solubility in pure carbon dioxide mobile phases, which has the solvating powers from hexane to methylene chloride under normal density ranges, was a problem for these polar molecules. To compensate for this, experimentalists started working with mixed mobile phases. These mixed phases were based on... 

An enzyme is a protein that speeds up a biochemical reaction without itself experiencing any overall change. In chemical language, such a compound is called a catalyst and is said to catalyze a reaction. Chemists employ a variety of compounds as laboratory catalysts, and many industrial chemical processes would be impracticably slow without catalysis. An automobile s catalytic converter makes use of a metal catalyst to accelerate conversion of toxic carbon monoxide in the exhaust to carbon dioxide. Similarly, our bodies biochemical machinery effects thousands of different reactions that would not proceed without enzymatic catalysis. Some enzymes are exquisitely specific, catalyzing only one particular reaction of a single compound. Many others have much less exacting requirements and consequently exhibit broader effects. Specific or nonspecific, enzymes can make reactions go many millions of times faster than they would without catalysis. 

Because the organic chemicals are destroyed in the GPCR reactor by reduction reactions, the main products are gases such as methane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. These gases, plus the excess feed hydrogen, must be removed at a controlled rate to maintain the set system pressure fluctuations in the system pressure are undesirable and may lead to process upsets. To accommodate the fluctuating reactor loading and gas production, the compressor must be controlled to remove gas from the system at a variable rate. This is accomplished with a variable-speed drive on the compressor. 

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