Carbon dioxide sensitization

C. J. and Schloss, A. L. (1997). Equilibrium responses of global net primary production and carbon storage to doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide Sensitivity to changes in vegetation nitrogen concentration, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 11,173-189. 

Woods SW, Charney DS, Lake J, Goodman WK, Redmond DE, Heninger DR (1986) Carbon dioxide sensitivity in panic anxiety ventilatory and anxiogenic response to carbon dioxide in healthy subjects and panic and anxiety patients before and after alprazolam treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 43 900-909... 

L.A., Hoven, C.W., Martinez, J., Kovalenko, P., Mandell, D.J., Moreau, D., Klein, D.F., and Gorman, J.M. (2000) Differential carbon dioxide sensitivity in childhood anxiety disorders and nonill comparison group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57 960-967. 

Semiconductor fabrication techniques have also been successfully applied to the construction of conventional transducers sensitive to hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, A hydrogen peroxide-sensitive silicon chip was made by using metal deposition techniques (28,29). The combination of the hydrogen peroxide-sensitive transducer and enzyme-immobilized membranes gave a miniaturized and multifunctional biosensor. Similarly, an oxygen- and a carbon dioxide-sensitive device was made cmd applied to the construction of biosensors (25, 30, 31). 

The solvent and raw materials were dissolved completely with vigorous stirring before the hydrolysis reaction at a certain temperature. The solution was refluxed for many hours. Generally this temperature is near the boiling point of the solvent. The solvent must be dried before use to prevent partial hydrolysis. Because the alkoxide and salts are extremely moisture and carbon dioxide sensitive [7], they may be handled under an N2 atmosphere. The early work of... 

Quicklime and hydrated lime are reasonably stable compounds but not nearly as stable as their limestone antecedents. Chemically, quicklime is stable at any temperature, but it is extremely vulnerable to moisture. Even moisture in the air produces a destabilizing effect by air-slaking it into a hydrate. As a result, an active high calcium quicklime is a strong desiccant (qv). Probably hydrate is more stable than quicklime. Certainly hydrated lime is less perishable chemically because water does not alter its chemical composition. However, its strong affinity for carbon dioxide causes recarbonation. Dolomitic quicklime is less sensitive to slaking than high calcium quicklime, and dead-burned forms are completely stable under moisture-saturated conditions. 

A flame-ionization, total hydrocarbon analyzer determines the THC, and the total carbon content is calculated as methane. Other methods include catalytic combustion to carbon dioxide, which may be deterrnined by a sensitive infrared detector of the nondispersive type. Hydrocarbons other than methane and acetylene are present only in minute quantities and generally are inert in most appHcations. 

The first-order decomposition rates of alkyl peroxycarbamates are strongly influenced by stmcture, eg, electron-donating substituents on nitrogen increase the rate of decomposition, and some substituents increase sensitivity to induced decomposition (20). Alkyl peroxycarbamates have been used to initiate vinyl monomer polymerizations and to cure mbbers (244). They Hberate iodine quantitatively from hydriodic acid solutions. Decomposition products include carbon dioxide, hydrazo and azo compounds, amines, imines, and O-alkyUiydroxylarnines. Many peroxycarbamates are stable at ca 20°C but decompose rapidly and sometimes violently above 80°C (20,44). 

Solvent Strength of Pure Fluids. The density of a pure fluid is extremely sensitive to pressure and temperature near the critical point, where the reduced pressure, P, equals the reduced temperature, =1. This is shown for pure carbon dioxide in Figure 2. Consider the simple case of the solubihty of a soHd in this fluid. At ambient conditions, the density of the fluid is 0.002 g/cm. Thus the solubiUty of a soHd in the gas is low and is given by the vapor pressure over the total pressure. The solubiUties of Hquids are similar. At the critical point, the density of CO2 is 0.47 g/cm. This value is nearly comparable to that of organic Hquids. The solubiHty of a soHd can be 3—10 orders of magnitude higher in this more Hquid-like CO2. 

Radiation differs from conduction and convection not only in mathematical structure but in its much higher sensitivity to temperature. It is of dominating importance in furnaces because of their temperature, and in ciyogenic insulation because of the vacuum existing between particles. The temperature at which it accounts for roughly half of the total heat loss from a surface in air depends on such factors as surface emissivity and the convection coefficient. For pipes in free convection, this is room temperature for fine wires of low emissivity it is above red heat. Gases at combustion-chamber temperatures lose more than 90 percent of their energy by radiation from the carbon dioxide, water vapor, and particulate matter. 

Mounting electrodes in a bioreactor is costly, and there is an additional contamination risk for sensitive cell cultures. Some other sensors of prac ticai importance are those for dissolved oxygen and for dissolved carbon dioxide. The analysis of gas exiting from a bioreactor with an infrared unit that detects carbon dioxide or a paramagnetic unit that detects oxygen (after carbon dioxide removal) has been replaced by mass spec trophotometry. Gas chromatographic procedures coupled with a mass spectrophotometer will detect 1 the volatile components. 

Being acidic, fluorocarbon ionomers can tolerate carbon dioxide in the mel and air streams PEFCs, therefore, are compatible with hydrocarbon fuels. However, the platinum catalysts on the fuel and air elec trodes are extremely sensitive to carbon monoxide only a few parts per million are acceptable. Catalysts that are tolerant to carbon monoxide are being explored. Typical polarization curves for PEFCs are shown in Fig. 27-64. 

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