Problems Carbon dioxide

The measures for the carbon dioxide problem are classified as follows [4]. 

T. Kojima, The Carbon Dioxide Problem, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, London, 1998. 

The next speaker was Michael Clarke of NSF s Chemistry Division. He explained that the NSF funds a broad range of science and that the agency is concerned about making energy sustainable and solving the carbon dioxide problem. 

Nocera is concerned about the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and he showed a public education video that he helped produce. He believes the carbon dioxide problem can be solved with water and light, which involves bond rearrangement. Therefore, said Nocera, the only types of energy that will work, from a renewable and sustainable perspective, are biomass, photochemical, and photovoltaic. He sees a problem with biomass in that it is also a food source, so biomass could be limited to a minor role in the energy future. 

T. Kojima "The carbon dioxide problem . Overseas Publisher Association, Amsterdam 1998, ISBN 90-5699-127-2... 

Therefore, the scientists and engineers, who had a strong interest and wished to contribute to solve the carbon dioxide problem from technological aspects, gathered and discussed the countermeasures in the conference. 

The oil companies will tell us there is no shortage of oil. If they drill, more they will be able to produce all the oil we need for 40 to 80 dollars per barrel. They will press congress for permission to drill in Arctic and Antarctic and along the shoreline of all oceans. If this approach fails to find oil, we can always turn to shale from which we can produce huge quantities of oil at a price of 50 to 100 dollars a barrel. Since the combustion of shale oil will produce carbon dioxide in the same manner as the combustion of petroleum, some of the oil companies will deny the existence of the carbon dioxide problem with greater vigor than the automobile companies. They will talk of further improvements in processes that will reduce the sulfur content of fuels to aid in reducing acid rain. 

Baes, C. F., H. E. Goeller, J. S. Olson, and R. M. Rothy (1976). "The Global Carbon Dioxide Problem" ORNL-5194, pp. 1-72. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn. 

Contributions of Chemical Engineeriiig to the Carbon Dioxide Problem... 

Photosynthetic Capacity to Solve the Carbon Dioxide Problem 851... 

PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY TO SOLVE THE CARBON DIOXIDE PROBLEM... 

Han X, Pohakoff M. Continuous reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide problems, solutions and possible ways forward. Chem Soc Rev. 2012 41 1428-1436. 

Utility systems as sources of waste. The principal sources of utility waste are associated with hot utilities (including cogeneration systems) and cold utilities. Furnaces, steam boilers, gas turbines, and diesel engines all produce waste from products of combustion. The principal problem here is the emission of carbon dioxide, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, and particulates (metal oxides, unbumt... 

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a very common contaminant in hydrocarbon fluids, especially in gases and gas condensate, and is a source of corrosion problems. CO2 in the gas phase dissolves in any water present to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) which is highly corrosive. Its reaction with iron creates iron carbonate (FeCOg) ... 

If produced gas contains water vapour it may have to be dried (dehydrated). Water condensation in the process facilities can lead to hydrate formation and may cause corrosion (pipelines are particularly vulnerable) in the presence of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide. Hydrates are formed by physical bonding between water and the lighter components in natural gas. They can plug pipes and process equipment. Charts such as the one below are available to predict when hydrate formation may become a problem. 

The most common contaminants in produced gas are carbon dioxide (COj) and hydrogen sulphide (HjS). Both can combine with free water to cause corrosion and H2S is extremely toxic even in very small amounts (less than 0.01% volume can be fatal if inhaled). Because of the equipment required, extraction is performed onshore whenever possible, and providing gas is dehydrated, most pipeline corrosion problems can be avoided. However, if third party pipelines are used it may be necessary to perform some extraction on site prior to evacuation to meet pipeline owner specifications. Extraction of CO2 and H2S is normally performed by absorption in contact towers like those used for dehydration, though other solvents are used instead of glycol. 

For my part, although I may be somewhat of a visionary, I see a solution to the problem by chemical recycling of excess carbon dioxide emissions into methyl alcohol and derived hydrocarbon products. 

Because an excess of ammonia is fed to the reactor, and because the reactions ate reversible, ammonia and carbon dioxide exit the reactor along with the carbamate and urea. Several process variations have been developed to deal with the efficiency of the conversion and with serious corrosion problems. The three main types of ammonia handling ate once through, partial recycle, and total recycle. Urea plants having capacity up to 1800 t/d ate available. Most advances have dealt with reduction of energy requirements in the total recycle process. The economics of urea production ate most strongly influenced by the cost of the taw material ammonia. When the ammonia cost is representative of production cost in a new plant it can amount to more than 50% of urea cost. 

A vacuum-retort process (Pidgeon process) was used during World War II for the production of magnesium and calcium. SiHcon, in the form of ferrosihcon, was used as the reducing agent instead of carbon to avoid the problem of cooling magnesium vapor in the presence of carbon dioxide ... 

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