Carbon chemical functionalization

Jouikov, V. and J. Simonet. Electrochemical conversion of glassy carbon into a poly-nucleophilic reactive material. Applications for carbon chemical functionalization. A mini-review. Electrochem. Comm. 45, 2014 32-36. 

The C chemical shift ranges for organic compounds in Table 2.2 show that many carbon-containing functional groups can be identified by the characteristic shift values in the C NMR spectra. 

This review has shown that the analogy between P=C and C=C bonds can indeed be extended to polymer chemistry. Two of the most common uses for C=C bonds in polymer science have successfully been applied to P=C bonds. In particular, the addition polymerization of phosphaalkenes affords functional poly(methylenephosphine)s the first examples of macromolecules with alternating phosphorus and carbon atoms. The chemical functionality of the phosphine center may lead to applications in areas such as polymer-supported catalysis. In addition, the first n-conjugated phosphorus analogs of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) have been prepared. Comparison of the electronic properties of the polymers with molecular model compounds is consistent with some degree of n-conjugation in the polymer backbone. 

In the last twenty years, nitro sugars became powerful chemical tools on account of their usefulness for the construction of carbon-carbon bonds prior to the transformation of the nitro group into a variety of other chemical functionalities. As a result, a diverse range of funcionalized carbohydrates and other derivatives as carbasugars, cyclitols and heterocycles have been prepared. 

CNTs can be chemically functionalized to achieve good dispersion in polymer/ CNT composites and strong interface adhesion (Gao et al., 2004). CNTs can be assembled as ropes or bundles, and there are some catalyst residuals, bucky onions, spheroidal fullerenes, amorphous carbon, polyhedron graphite nanoparticles, and other forms of impurities during the growth process of CNTs. 

Velasco-Santos C, Marty nez-Hema ndez AL, Fisher FT, Ruotf R, Castano V M (2003b). Improvement of thermal and mechanical properties of carbon nanotube composites through chemical functionalization. Chem. Mater. 15 4470 4475. 

When the formation of covalent bonds is established between functional groups and a surface, a covalent or chemical functionalization is reached. The main characteristic of this type of functionalization is the change in the carbon hybridization from sp2 to sp3 [104]. Although this covalent functionalization provides the possibility to obtain a... 

For applications where only mechanical properties are relevant, it is often sufficient to use resins for the filling and we end up with carbon-reinforced polymer structures. Such materials [23] can be soft, like the family of poly-butadiene materials leading to rubber or tires. The transport properties of the carbon fibers lead to some limited improvement of the transport properties of the polymer. If carbon nanotubes with their extensive propensity of percolation are used [24], then a compromise between mechanical reinforcement and improvement of electrical and thermal stability is possible provided one solves the severe challenge of homogeneous mixing of binder and filler phases. For the macroscopic carbon fibers this is less of a problem, in particular when advanced techniques of vacuum infiltration of the fluid resin precursor and suitable chemical functionalization of the carbon fiber are applied. 

Liu S, Shen Q, Cao Y et al (2010) Chemical functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors as switches and sensors. Coord Chem Rev 254 1101-1116... 

Desired chemical functionality may also be introduced into SA monolayers via in situ cleavage of unsaturated surfactants. Crown-ether-complexed potassium permanganate was shown to break the carbon-carbon double bonds in the substrate-immobilized, unsaturated surfactants and to convert them to carboxyl groups. Slow lateral propagation of this bond breaking resulted in the formation of shorter monolayers with exposed terminal moieties (Fig. 22) [195]. 

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