Carbohydrates identification

M. C. Huberty, J. E. Vath, W. Yu, and S. A. Martin, Site-specific carbohydrate identification in recombinant proteins using MALD-TOF MS, Anal. Chem., 65 (1993) 2791-2800. 

Lawrie CH, Marafioti T, Hatton CSR, Dirnhofer S, Roncador G, Went P, Tzankov A, Pileri SA, Pulford K, Banham AH. Cancer-associated carbohydrate identification in Hodgkin s lymphoma by carbohydrate array profiling. Int. J. Cancer 2006 118 3161-3166. 

Diem S., Herderich M. Reaction of tryptophan with carbohydrates identification and quantitative determination of novel P-carboline alkaloids in food. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49 2486-2492 (2001). 

Huberty, M.C., Vath, J.E., Yu, W., Martin, S.A., 1993, Site-specific Carbohydrate Identification in Recombinant Proteins using MALDI-TOF MS, In Anal. Chem., 65, 2791-2800. 

Students arc strongly advised not to attempt identification of the soluble carbohydrates by taste—quite apart from the fact that other compounds (c.g., saccharin] also have a sweet taste, the tasting of an imperfectly identified organic compound u too dangerous an operation. 

Recent reports 54 seem to indicate that the resolution of the notoriously difficult solid-state spectra of coals may be enhanced by such techniques as double exponential multiplication and convolution difference. Differential relaxation behaviour as discussed in connection with intermolecular effects in carbohydrates and low temperature methods may further improve identification. 

Structural Identification of Isomeric O-Trimethylsilyl Derivatives of Some Hexuronic Acids, J. F. Kennedy, S. M. Robertson, and M. Stacey, Carbohydr. Res., 57 (1977) 205-214. 

Many thanks are due to Mr. Jean-Paul Lepoutre (Laboratoire des ArSmes et des Substances Naturelles, BPV, INRA, Montpellier, France) for EIMS and CIMS analyses and to Dr. Malcolm O Neill (Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, USA) for his help in the identification of TMS derivatives. 

The presence of unusual carbohydrate fermentation patterns (particularly for lactose), and the ability to use citrate among Enterobacteriaceae has hindered, and sometimes jeopardized, the identification of pathogenic strains including Salmonella typhi. 

Shapiro L. and Halpem M. (1995). Lectin histochemical identification of carbohydrate moieties in opossum chemosensory systems during development, with special emphasis on VVA-identified subdivisions in the accessory olfactory bulb. J Morphol 224, 331-349. 

Fox, A. Black, G. Fox, K. Rostovtseva, S. Determination of carbohydrate profiles of Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus including identification of (9-methyl methylpentoses using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1993, 31, 887-894. 

From the identification of these products it was possible to give a means of portraying the type of structure (LVIII) present in the carbohydrate molecule. In this, by glycosidic attachment, seven N-acetyl-D-glucosamine unitB and one D-galactose unit radiate from a central core of three D-mannose units. It is not yet clear by what linkages the d-mannose units are mutually attached, or to which D-mannose the d-galactose residue is linked. 

The growing interest for the identification and characterization of polar and large compounds caused the development and the introduction of new ionization techniques, such as electrospray ionization (ESI)[4], and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI),[5] and their more recent improvements, thus establishing new MS based approaches for studying large molecules, polymers and biopolymers, such as proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids. 

U. Schneider, E. Kenndler, Identification of Plant and Animal Glues in Museum Objects by GC MS, After Catalytic Hydrolysis of the Proteins by the Use of a Cation Exchanger, with Simultaneous Separation from the Carbohydrates, Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 371,81 87 (2001). 

C. Schwarzinger, Identification of methylated saccharinolactones and partially methylated saccharinic acids in the thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation of carbohydrates, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 71, 501 514 (2004). 

Even if the main focus on the research activities were directed towards structural studies on carbohydrates of natural origin, the synthesis of model substances, deriva-tization of oligo- and poly-saccharides, oxidation, and reduction of carbohydrates, and identification of the products all were performed during this time. 

K. Nishikawa, K. Matsuoka, M. Watanabe, K. Igai, K. Hino, K. Hatano, A. Yamada, N. Abe, D. Terunuma, H. Kuzuhara, and Y. Natori, Identification of the optimal structure required for a Shiga Toxin neutralizer with oriented carbohydrates to function in the circulation, J. Infect. Dis., 191 (2005) 2097-2106. 

M12. McNair Scott, D. B., and Cohen, S. S., The oxidative pathway of carbohydrate metabolism in Escherichia coli. 5. Isolation and identification of ribulose-5-phosphate produced from 6-phosphogluconate by the dehydrogenases of Escherichia coli. Biochem. J. 65, 686-689 (1957). 

Constitutional studies have broadly followed the pattern of methyla-tion of the unsubstituted alcoholic groups in a carbohydrate, hydrolytic or oxidative disruption of the molecule and identification of the resulting methylated fragments. In this way methyl ethers have been invaluable in the determination of the ring structures of the monosaccharides and in the elucidation of the constitutions of the more complex saccharides. 

Study of the photochemical reactions of carbohydrates is a topic of longstanding interest among chemists in fact, publications on this subject first appeared shortly after the beginning of the present century. Much of the early work in this area was concerned with changes, in the physical properties of reaction mixtures, arising from irradiations conducted under various conditions. Relatively little identification of the photoproducts was undertaken prior to the introduction of modem instrumentation. 

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