Carapace

P. F. Zagalsky, E. E. Eliopoulos, and J. B. Findlay, The lobster carapace carotenoprotein, alpha-crustacyanin. A possible role for tryptophan in the bathchromic spectral shift of protein-bound astaxanthin, J. Biochem. 274 (1991) 79-83. 

Harashima K., Nakahara J.-I., and Kato G. (1976). Papilioerthrinone A new ketocarotenoid in integuments of orange pupae of a swallowtail, Papilio xuthus, and carapaces of a crab, Paralithodes brevipes (Hanasakigani in Japanese). AgrBiol Chem 40 711-717. 

Scott-Fordsmand, J.J. and M.H. Depledge. 1993. The influence of starvation and copper exposure on the composition of the dorsal carapace and distribution of trace metals in the shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 106C 537-543. 

Blue crab, Callinectes sapidus whole minus legs, carapace 18.4 (2.7-50.0) DW 46... 

Pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum 1909 mg/L carapace LC50 (96 h) 9... 

Blue crab, Callinectes sapidus whole except legs, carapace, and 1.3 (0.4-3.9) DW 123... 

In the both the Hayes and Hickey zones mineralization occurs in three forms Type I mineralization consists of massive (> 90%) sulfide veins that range from 1 to 5 cm in width. These veins are for the most part restricted to the massive rhyolite of the Archibald Settlement Formation. However, where Type I veins intersect carapace-breccias or marginal zones of flows characterized by zones of contorted flow-layering and/or auto-breccia development, sulfides fill and cement the interstices such that rhyolite appears to be cemented by sulfide. 

Snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina Big River, Missouri (contaminated with lead mine tailings of 1000-3000 mg Pb/kg tailings) vs. reference site Blood Bone Brain Carapace Liver Muscle... 

Coatings derived from cholesteric liquid crystalline polymers are used commercially as reflective sheets and polarisers. The liquid crystal is cooled below the vitrification temperature resulting in a solid polymer that is amorphous but contains large regions of frozen liquid crystalline order. Such structures are also found in nature in the iridescent, almost metallic colours of beetles and other insects, which result from helical cholesteric structures in the outer layer of the carapace. 

The transition from a primary ovum to a phenotype is an inescapable conclusion when all circumstances are considered. Just as clear is the fact that between the DNA sequences and the carapace of the first arthropods bilateral and multilateral symmetry fell into place without help from the environment.15 Most animals are symmetric, but there are enough exceptions to make the point that this is not due to evolutionary pressure but is rather a consequence of a molecular configuration at the genomic level. 

Ephippium (s.), ephippia (pi.) Egg case that develops under the postero-dorsal part of the adult Daphnia female carapace in response to unfavorable environmental conditions. Ephippia eggs are the outcome of sexual reproduction. Volume 1(10). 

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