Capsule smooth

In general, activation of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors causes a contraction of smooth muscle and of blood vessels, pilomotor muscles, dilator pupillae, vas deferens, nictitating membrane, splenic capsule, and sphincters of the intestine and urinary bladder and of the bile duct. An exception is the relaxation of the smooth muscle of the intestine. Prazosin [19216-56-9] indoramin [26844-12-2] and WB-4101 are relatively selective antagonists of these receptors. 

Peppermint oil is widely advocated it acts as an antispas-modic agent due to its ability to relax gastrointestinal smooth muscle. However, it also relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter, which could allow reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. The usual dose is 1 to 2 enteric-coated capsules containing 0.2 mL of peppermint oil two to three times daily. 

The majority of the aforementioned capsules were either not sufficiently mechanically stable or suffered from other surface or matrix related deficiencies. These deficiencies include poor morphology, such as capsule sphericity and surface smoothness, which result from an osmolar imbalance. Membranes are also often leaky (an internal polymer slowly diffuses out through the capsule wall) or shrink in either PBS or in culture media over a period of a few hours. Exceptionally, some capsules are observed to swell excessively and burst. Furthermore, some complex membranes, although stable in water, dissolve over several days upon a contact with culture media. This is true for pectin based capsules (pectin/calcium salt) and for alginate-chitosan membranes and maybe a consequence of the polycation substitution by electrolytes present in the media [10]. In order to improve the existing binary capsules several approaches, both traditional and novel, have been considered and tested herein. These are discussed in the following sections. 

Table 2 indicates that the most suitable capsular membranes comprised semi-or non-transparent systems. Generally, the multicomponent blending resulted in smooth capsules with the exception of the alginate/spermine-polymethylene-co-guanidine systems which were either irregularly shaped or mosaic. There was no correlation observed between the capsule turbidity and permeability. 

The prostate gland comprises three types of tissue epithelial or glandular, stromal or smooth muscle, and capsule. Both stromal tissue and capsule are embedded with at -adrenergic receptors. 

Mecfianism of Action An alphaj antagonist that targets receptors around bladder neck and prostate capsule. Therapeutic Effect Relaxes smooth muscle and improves urinary flow and symptoms of prostatic hyperplasia. 

CASTOR OIL (Ricinns communis Emiharbiiiceae) CAS HOOI-79-4). Castor oil is obtained from a short lived perennial tree that occurs wild in tropical Africa and perhaps in India. Cultivation of the tree is widespread not only in the tropics but also in temperate regions, where it is often grown as an ornamental plant In the tropics it becomes a iree 36 feet tall, with large coarse leaves often of reddish color, and green flowers. An annual herbaceous variety is grown widely and produces a superior oil. The seeds, borne three in each of the smooth or prickly capsules, have a hard molded shell. These seeds are ejected violently from the mature fruit. 

Alpha-1 Vascular smooth muscle Intestinal smooth muscle Radial muscle iris Ureters Urinary sphincter Spleen capsule Contraction Relaxation Contraction (mydriasis] Increased motility Contraction Contraction... 

Alpha-1 Receptors. A primary location of these receptors is the smooth muscle located in various tissues throughout the body. Alpha-1 receptors are located on the smooth muscle located in the peripheral vasculature, intestinal wall, radial muscle of the iris, ureters, urinary sphincter, and spleen capsule. The response of each tissue when the alpha-1 receptor is stimulated varies depending on the tissue (see Table 18-2). Research also suggests that there might be three subtypes of alpha-1 receptors, identified as alpha-1 A, alpha-IB, and alpha-ID receptors.4 Much of this research, however, has focused on the characteristics of alpha-1 receptor subtypes in various animal models. Studies are currently underway to determine the exact location and functional significance of these alpha-1 receptor subtypes in humans. 

Certain alpha-1 blockers such as doxazosin have been used extensively in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).23,32 Alpha-1 receptors located on smooth muscle in the prostate capsule, neck of the bladder, and urethra cause muscle constriction that restricts urine flow and the ability to empty the bladder. By blocking these receptors, alpha-1 antagonists relax these smooth muscles and allow men with BPH to void urine more easily and completely.12 32... 

In general, ephedrine produces the same effects on smooth muscle as epinephrine. Inhibition of the intact gastrointestinal musculature and contraction of the splenic capsule and of pilomotor muscles are produced. Ephedrine has the same myometrial and urinary bladder actions as does epinephrine. 

After impregnation withdrawal cords were threaded through the bottom and half a gelatin capsule was fitted over the nose to provide the smooth rounded outline of the two-halves model but with the simplicity of a one-piece design. Figure 6 is a photograph of a placebo suppository prepared as described. 

In health the liver is a large smooth organ covered in a protective cellophane-like membrane known as Glisson s capsule. This thin layer of connective tissue becomes thicker around the hilum, where the portal vein and hepatic artery enter the liver and where the right and left hepatic ducts and lymphatics exit. The surface of the liver is broadly... 

The use of this method is not limited to smooth sohd supports because of its simplicity. Figure 4.46 shows a multilayer assembly on a colloidal particle. Destruction of the template particle provides a hollow capsule with a skin made from the layer-by-layer film. 

Initial addition of 2,5-dimethyl-p-benzoquinone (160) (1 equiv.) to ATPH (2.2 equiv.) in CH2CI2 at -20 °C and subsequent treatment with cyclohexadiene (1.1 equiv.) resulted in only trace amounts of the endo cycloadduct 161, because of virtually complete protection against diene approach by the efficient encapsulation of the quinone substrate (route A in Sch. 126). In marked contrast, however, mixing of cyclohexadiene (1.1 equiv.) and ATPH (2.2 equiv.) in CH2CI2 at -20 °C and subsequent addition of 2,5-dimethyl-p-benzoquinone (160) (1 equiv.) under similar reaction conditions afforded the endo cycloadduct 161 in 65 % yield (route B in Sch. 126). It should be noted that this implies the effective inclusion of the diene component by electronic interaction of the diene portion with the concave aromatic interior of the cavity of ATPH (162 in Sch. 126), ensuring smooth cycloaddition on complexation and capsule formation with quinone substrate 160. 

Laparoscopically, the liver is bluish-green to bluish-black in colour (= black liver). The surface is smooth and shiny, with intricate vascular multiplication the lymphatic vessels of the capsule of the liver can appear more pronounced, (s. fig. 12.2)... 

Fig. 36.7 Giant (larger than a fist) cavernous haemangioma with a smooth surface in the left liver lobe. Numerous blood vessels and p>eliosis-like livid blue fod of up to 0.5 cm in size in the capsule area...

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