Capillary electrophoresis with polymer

Poli, J., Schure, M. Separation of Poly(styrenesulfonates) by capillary electrophoresis with polymer additives. Anal. Chem. 64, 896-904. 

B.L. Karger, F. Foret and J. Berka, Chapter 13 Capillary electrophoresis with polymer matrices in Methods in Enzymology, Vol 271 High resolution separation and analysis of biological macromolecules Part B Applications., B.L. Karger and W. S. Hancock (Editors) 271 (1996) 293. 

Ruhr s group studied the separation of double- and single-stranded DNA restriction fragments in capillary electrophoresis with polymer solutions under alkaline conditions in epoxy-coated capillaries and found that at pH 11 the theoretical plate numbers exceeded several millions [96], At pH 12, single-stranded DNA molecules were still well separated in entangled hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) solutions, but the resolution decreased significantly in dilute polymer solutions. 

Several polymers and copolymers can be used to separate DNA in capillary electrophoresis with polymer solutions (CEPS). An ideal matrix should be chemically and physically stable in run conditions, hydrophilic, and relatively low in viscosity. The formation of a robust entangled network matrix providing good sequencing performance is also expected of a good polymer (5). 

Kaiger, B.L., Foret, F., and Berka, J., Capillary electrophoresis with polymer matrices DNA and protein separation and analysis. Methods Enzyntol., 271, 293, 1996. 

Weber, G., Johnck, M., Siepe, D., Neyer, A., Hergenroder, R., Capillary electrophoresis with direct and contactless conductivity detection on a polymer microchip. Micro Total Analysis Systems, Proceedings of the 4th pTAS1 Symposium, Enschede, Netherlands, May 14-18, 2000, 383-386. 

Giovannoli, C., Anfossi, L., Tozzi C., Giraudi, G, and Vanni, A. DNA separation by capillary electrophoresis with hydrophilic substituted celluloses as coating and sieving polymers. Apphcation to the analysis of genetically modified meals, J. Sep. ScL, 27, 1551, 2004. 

Tsukagoshi, K., Shikata, Y., Nakajima, R., Murata, M., and Maeda, M., Analysis of a biopolymer by capillary electrophoresis with a chemiluminescence detector using a polymer solution as the separation medium. Ana/. ScL, 18,1195, 2002. 

Kleparnik, K., Foret, R, Berka, J., Goetzinger, W., Miller, A.W., and Karger, B.L., The use of elevated column temperature to extend DNA sequencing read lengths in capillary electrophoresis with replaceable polymer matrices, Hecfro/ ZiorK Zi, 17, 1860, 1996. 

B.A. Musial, M.N. Martin and N.D. Danielson, Effect of an anionic polymer on the separation of cationic molecules by capillary electrophoresis with conductivity detection, J. Sep. Sci., 25, 311-318, 2002. 

Briiggermann, O. Freitag, F. Whitcombe, M.J. Vulfson, E.N. Comparison of polymer coatings of capillaries for capillary electrophoresis with respect to their applicability to molecular imprinting and electrochromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1997, 781, 43-53. 

Capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) Molecular sieve and electrophoretic mobility Capillary packed with polymer gel Large biomolecules, i.e. DNA fragments... 

Tseng, W.-L. Chang, H.-T. On-hne concentration and separation of proteins by capillary electrophoresis using polymer solutions. Anal. Chem. 2000, 72 (20), 4805-4811. Lee, I.H. Pinto, D. Arriaga, E.A. Zhang, Z. Dovichi, N.J. Picomolar analysis of proteins using electrophoreti-cally mediated microanalysis and capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70 (21), 4546-4548. 

Figure 7.7. Electropherogramsof(A) aracemicmixtureof 2-phenylpropionicacid, (B) R(-)-2-phenylpropionic acid and (C) S(+)-2-phenylpropionic acid (using in all three experiments the MI capillary prepared using S(+)-2-phenylpropionic acid as template). Reprinted from Btii emann O, Freitag R, Whitcombe MJ et al. Comparison of polymer coatings of capillaries for capillary electrophoresis with respect to their applicability to molecular imprinting and electrochromamgraphy. J Chromatogr 1997 781 43-53. With permission from Elsevier Science.

Polymers have come a long way from parkesine, celluloid and bakelite they have become functional as well as structural materials. Indeed, they have become both at the same time one novel use for polymers depends upon precision micro-embossing of polymers, with precise pressure and temperature control, for replicating electronic chips containing microchannels for capillary electrophoresis and for microfluidics devices or micro-optical components. 

In the previously described electrophoretic methods, the capillary was filled with electrolytes only. Another mode of operation in capillary electrophoresis involves filling the capillary with gel or viscous polymer solutions. If desired, a column can be packed with particles and equipped with a frit.68 This mode of analysis has been favorably used for the size determination of biologically important polymers, such as DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides. The most frequently used polymers in capillary gel electrophoresis are cross-linked or linear polyacrylamide,69 cellulose derivatives,70-75 agarose,76 78 and polyethylene glycols. 

---