Capillary blood test

A capillary blood test is given on a routine basis by most practices to test the level of lead in the blood. A small amount of blood is drawn from a child s finger (or an infant s heel) and analyzed by a laboratory to determine how much lead it contains. 

Sample Handling System. Venous or capillary blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid are specimens routinely used in medical diagnostic testing. Of these biological fluids, the use of venous blood is by far the most prevalent. Collection devices such as syringes and partial vacuum test tubes, eg, Vacutainer, are used to draw ten milliliters or less of venous blood. At collection time, the test tubes are carefully labeled for later identification. 

MANAGING HYPERGLYCEMIA AND KETOACIDOSIS. Capillary blood specimens are obtained and tested in the same manner as for insulin (see Fhtient and Family Teaching Checklist, p. 497). The nurse notifies the health care provider if blood sugar levels are elevated... 

Runge, D.M. Westpfahl-Wiesener, K.-P., and Schwertner, H. 2005. Development and performance evaluation of a visual fast test for the detection of specific IgE in capillary blood or heparin blond. Allergologie 28(7) 263-268. 

Blood for analysis may be obtained from veins, arteries, or capillaries. Venous blood is usually the specimen of choice, and venipuncture is the method for obtaining this speci-men. In young children and for many point-of-care tests, skin puncture is frequently used to obtain what is mostly capillary blood arterial puncture is used mainly for blood gas analyses. 

The effect of recurrent practice at home on the acceptability of capillary blood glucose readings. Accuracy of self blood glucose testing. Diabetes Care 1994 17 1110-23. 

Figure 5. Images and handling procedure of the i-STAT analyzer, (a) Photograph depicting the portable i-STAT analyzer for clinical blood tests [91], (b) Depending on the blood parameters to be measured, a certain disposable cartridge is filled with blood by capillary forces from the finger tip. (c) Afterwards loaded into the analyzer for assay processing and readout. (Images courtesy of Abbott Point of Care.)...

Blood samples are collected from finger pricks or earlobe pricks into capillaries and from venou.s blood into test lubes. Capillaries and test tubes should be heparinized (to prevent blood clotting) and dried (to prevent uncontrolled sample dilution). To prevent contamination of the samples by OPs and CMs during collection, the skin must be cleaned before sampling. 

Babu CV, Chung BC, Lho DS, Yoo YS. Capillary electrophoretic competitive immunoassay with laser-induced fluorescence detection for methionine-enkephalin. J Chromatogr A 2006 1111 133-8. Jackman R, Everest DJ, Schmerr MJ, Khawaja M, Keep P, Docherty J. Evaluation of a precUnical blood test for scrapie in sheep using immunocapiUary electrophoresis. J AOAC Int 2006 89 720-7. 

The sensor is based on a ferrocene-modified glucose oxidase electrode strip. For glucose determination, a drop of blood is transferred to a disposable enzyme electrode strip, which is then inserted into a pen-sized readout instrument. The response is more rapid than that of photometric test strips. Venous as well as capillary blood may be used as sample material. There are a number of systems that measure very rapidly and require less than 1-pl sample. 

Lipoxygenases catalyse the regio-specific and stereoselective oxygenation of unsaturated fatty acids. The mammalian enzymes have been detected in human platelets, lung, kidney, testes and white blood cells. The leukotrienes, derived from the enzymatic action of the enzyme on arachidonic acid, have effects on neutrophil migration and aggregation, release of lysosomal enzymes, capillary permeability, induction of pain and smooth muscle contraction (Salmon, 1986). 

Various membranes are in common use for the filtration of blood during dialysis. In this investigation cellulosic (Cuprophan) and synthetic (acryl nitrile, SPAN) capillary membranes were tested. The fluorine gas treatment was performed as described before. Three parameters are chosen for the assessment... 

Since p-nitrosobenzoic acid has been shown to have a half-life of some 4 min in rat blood, this intermediate, once formed in the capillaries of the irradiated skin, may meet the requirement of sufficient stability to reach sensitive targets as the bone marrow while travelling through the blood141. The reactivity of p-nitrosobenzoic acid with thiols appears not to have been tested hitherto. From the known Hammett constant (ap = +0.4555) one may deduce that the compound will show a reactivity in between the reactivities of nitrosobenzene and p-nitrosoacetophenone. 

Figure 2.4. In vivo measurement of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, (a) Internal carotid artery perfusion technique (i) in the rat. Other branches of the carotid artery are ligated or electrically coagulated (o, occipital artery p, pterygopalatine artery). The external carotid artery (e) is cannulated and the common carotid artery (c) ligated. Perfusion time may range from 15 s to 10 min, depending on the test substance. It is necessary to subtract the intravascular volume, Vo, from (apparent volume of distribution), to obtain true uptake values and this may be achieved by inclusion of a vascular marker in the perfusate, for example labelled albumin. Time-dependent analysis of results in estimates of the unidirectional brain influx constant Ki (pi min which is equivalent within certain constraints to the PS product. BBB permeability surface area product PS can be calculated from the increase in the apparent volume of distribution Vd over time. Capillary depletion, i.e. separation of the vascular elements from the homogenate by density centrifugation, can discriminate capillary uptake from transcytosis. (b) i.v. bolus kinetics. The PS product is calculated from the brain concentration at the sampling time, T, and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve, AUC.

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