Capacity factors affecting battery

The cell chemistry is the driving factor for battery cost once the power and energy requirements have been specified. The relative cost of the active materials for specific cell chemistries clearly affects the end price of a battery. Perhaps more importantly, the performance of the cell chemistry directly impacts the material requirements, both active and inactive, that in turn determine the size of the manufacturing process. This subsection will explore the cormection between performance and cost to illustrate that high cell voltage and specific capacity with specific low impedance drives down costs in a multitude of ways. In other words, this section demonstrates that factors that increase energy and power density lower battery cost. 

In this case, the ORR products (H2O2 and LiOH) can easily dissolve into the aqueous electrolyte, and accordingly the factor to determine the specific capacity of the battery turns to the dissolving capacity of the aqueous electrolyte, which is affected by the amount of the aqueous electrolyte and the solubility of LiOH in water. Meanwhile, the requirement for the 2e-ORR selectivity of the catalyst is no longer necessary because the OER occurs on H2O, which instead a solid-liquid-gas (namely catalyst-electrolyte-oxygen) three-phase reaction is desirable for high power. 

Ni/H battery is a newly developed battery with high electrochemical capacity. The property of cathode materials is one of the most important factors affecting the quality of battery products. The chief indices of the cathode materials are the electrochemical capacity and its rate of declination in the charging-discharging processes (these factors determine the capacity and life of the battery). There are many factors affecting the quality of the cathode materials the content of metallic... 

ZnO displays similar redox and alloying chemistry to the tin oxides on Li insertion [353]. Therefore, it may be an interesting network modifier for tin oxides. Also, ZnSnOs was proposed as a new anode material for lithium-ion batteries [354]. It was prepared as the amorphous product by pyrolysis of ZnSn(OH)6. The reversible capacity of the ZnSn03 electrode was found to be more than 0.8 Ah/g. Zhao and Cao [356] studied antimony-zinc alloy as a potential material for such batteries. Also, zinc-graphite composite was investigated [357] as a candidate for an electrode in lithium-ion batteries. Zinc parhcles were deposited mainly onto graphite surfaces. Also, zinc-polyaniline batteries were developed [358]. The authors examined the parameters that affect the life cycle of such batteries. They found that Zn passivahon is the main factor of the life cycle of zinc-polyaniline batteries. In recent times [359], zinc-poly(anihne-co-o-aminophenol) rechargeable battery was also studied. Other types of batteries based on zinc were of some interest [360]. 

In terms of life-cycle costs, batteries are usually the most expensive component of a RAPS system and, therefore, it is advantageous to minimize the required capacity. The battery should, however, be sized to supply a significant portion of the anticipated daily load in the absence of diesel- or PV-generated power, e.g., from 20 to 50%. This would allow the diesel to remain idle for much of the day and to operate under relatively constant, high-load conditions for only a few hours each day. Further, the battery should be sized such that the daily depth-of-discharge (DoD) is limited in the interest of enhancing battery cycle-life. (The cycle-life of a battery is affected by several factors which include DoD, temperature, and charging procedure.)... 

Rate-capability is one of the important electrochemical properties of batteries, which ensures a high and stable delivery of electrochemical capacity under high current density for the batteries. Many factors can affect the rate-capability of electrodes, including active material features (electronic and ionic conductivity, electrochemical activity, particle size and morphology), electrode recipe, and electrode geometric dimension, etc. Here, we place an emphasis on the intrinsic properties of Li4Xi50i2 active material that affect the electrochemical performance under high current density environments. 

---