Candle makers

In the 1700s, customers told candle companies they wanted brighter, longer-lasting candles that produced less smoke and soot, and that dripped less (performance expectations). The most sophisticated customers asked for better-smelling candles in different colors (perception expectations). Candle makers listened, and many kept producing better candles along the lines of what customers said they wanted. 

IBM was looking sideways when Microsoft envisioned a PC in the hands of every person—and 300 years earlier, candle makers were busy making better candles while others were relentlessly focused on how to differentiate themselves. Those others were more concerned with how to better achieve the job of illuminating the darkness in a more valuable way (with less cost and harm). 

Candle makers Fur processing Paperhangers Silk screening... 

P G s birth is a testimonial to the success In building value networks. The company was formed In 1837 when William Procter (candle maker) and James Gamble (soap maker) began to collaborate to get a better price on hog fat (a common raw material for the two companies). The company now has more than 300 brands—24 of the brands are billion-dollar brands—and the company operates in 180 countries. 

By M. J. Pelouze.—One of the oldest and most skilful candle-makers in Prance, M. de Milly, made a series of important expeiiments on the saponification of fatty matters, and especially suet, by lime, in which he demonstrated that a much smaller percentage of lime than was ordinarily employed would effect the complete saponification of the fatty matter. Having reduced the pet ceutage of lime from 15 to 9 or 9 per cent., he subsequently reduced the proportion to 4 per cent, of the fatty matter operated upon, the condition being that of subjecting the lime, water, and fatty matter to an elevated temperature. The operation was performed in a metallic boiler, which was maintained for several hours at a temperature corresponding to a pressure of 5 to 6 atmospheres. 

It can be concluded, that candle production is a significant industry in some European countries. However, there are no reports of occupational dermatoses. This is likely due to the fact that (a) the materials used (mostly paraffin) are quite inert, and (b) the bulk of the annual production is fully automated. An extensive literature search did not reveal any skin reactions in candle makers. Only one case of airborne contact dermatitis from benzoyl peroxide was found in a church sacristan. This sacristan repeatedly developed facial dermatitis after exposure to the benzoyl-peroxide-containing smoke of burning candles in a church. 

The unsaturated nature of these acids renders their behaviour with various reagents entirely different from that of the preceding series. Thus, they readily combine with bromine or iodine to form addition compounds, and the lower members of the series are at once reduced, on treatment with sodium amalgam in alkaline solution, to the corresponding saturated acids of Series I. Unfortunately, this reaction does not apply to the higher acids such as oleic acid, but as the conversion of the latter into solid acids is a matter of some technical importance from the point of view of the candle-maker, a number of attempts have been made to effect this by other methods. 

In some cases (with hydrophilic substrate and only weakly amphiphilic materials) the monolayers are deposited only in the upstroke with the same orientation, leading to a Z-type film. In case of hydrophobic substrates the monolayers are only deposited on the downstroke, and the result is the so-called X-type film. The combination of different deposition types is also possible. We note that similar methods were used by traditional candle makers. 

The uses of beeswax are many, including church candles, electrotypers and pattern makers wax, cosmetic creams, adhesive tape, munition shells, modelling of flowers, shoe paste constituent, etc. The United States consumes about 8 million pounds of beeswax annually, more than half of which it imports from foreign countries. 

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