Cancer Dukes

The use of 5-FU in combination with radiotherapy has shown improved survival in various malignancies including unresectable pancreatic cancer, resectable pancreatic cancer, Dukes B2 and C rectal cancer, esophageal cancer, and hepatobiliary cancer (Table 2). Similarly, 5-FU with concurrent radiation has also been used for organ preservation in different tumors involving bladder cancer, anal cancer, and laryngeal cancer (Table 3). 

Traditional Medicine. Leaves reportedly used as diuretic, demulcent, emollient, expectorant, and refrigerant in fevers, lung diseases, colds externally a poultice a folk cancer remedy in breast or facial cancers (duke 2 foster wren). 

Combination therapy Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, in patients with Dukes stomatitis, anorexia stage C colon cancer... 

We walk up the slope to get as close as we can, lean on the fence, and look into what I think would have been the inner bailey. I tell Mark about how George Duke of Clarence s children were kept here, prisoners of their blood, because they had a better right to the throne than Richard Duke of Gloucester himself. Later Elizabeth s daughter Bess was sent here too, it was said, because the rumors about her and her uncle became too loud and reached the ears of his cancer-ridden wife. 

Duke University bioengineers have developed a simple and inexpensive method for loading cancer drug payloads into nanoscale delivery vehicles, and have demonstrated in animal models that this new nanoformulation can eliminate tumors after a single treatment [109]. After delivering the drug to the tumor, the delivery... 

Data from NAS 1975 International Agency for Research on Cancer 1976 Duke 1980 Kasprzak 1987 WHO 1991. 

Wakeling AE, Dukes M, Bowler J (1991) A potent specific pure antiestrogen with clinical potential. Cancer Res 51 3867-3873... 

Human cancers vary widely in their ability to produce metastasis. At present, there are no reliable methods to predict metastatic potential. For optimum patient management, however, knowledge of the aggressiveness of a tumor is desirable when deciding which patients should receive adjuvant chemotherapy. This type of information is particularly important for axillary node-negative breast cancer and Dukes B colorectal cancer. 

E-mail jzlatano duke.poly.edu Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Hillman Cancer Center, UPCI Research Pavilion, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. 

Haddow A, Roe FJC, Dukes CE, Mitchley BCV Cadmium neoplasia Sarcomata at the site of injection of cadmium sulphate in rats and mice. BrJ Cancer 18 667-673, 1964... 

Boyland E, Dukes CE, Grover PL, Mitchley BCV The induction of renal tumors by feeding lead acetate to rats. Br J Cancer 16 283-288, 1962... 

Dowsett M, Folkerd E, Doody D, Haynes B (2005) Breast 14 452 Brueggemeier RW, Hackett JC, Diaz-Cruz ES (2005) Endocr Rev 26 331 Smith IE, Dowsett M (2003) N Engl J Med 348 2431 Wouters W, Snoeck E, De Coster R (1994) Breast Cancer Res Treat 30 89 Plourde PV, Dyroff M, Dukes M (1994) Breast Cancer Res Treat 30 103 Demers LM (1994) Breast Cancer Res Treat 30 95... 

Wedge SR, Ogilvie DJ, Dukes M, Kendrew J, Curwen JO, Hennequin LF, Thomas AP, Stokes ES, Cmry B, Richmond GH, Wadsworth PF (2000) Cancer Res 60 970... 

Dukes B2 and C rectal cancer GITSG No adjuvant therapy Radiation (40 14 Gy + 5-FU + semustine 35%b 55%b... 

Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Macdonald JS, et al. Intergroup study of fluorouracil plus levamisole as adjuvant therapy for stage II/Dukes B2 colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 1995 13 2936-2943. 

Mamounas E, Wieand S, Wolmark N, et al. Comparative efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with Dukes B versus Dukes C colon cancer results from four National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project adjuvant studies (C-01, C-02, C-03, and C-04). J Clin Oncol 1999 17 1349-1355. 

The clinical implications of both amplification and loss in tumors have been studied. In a study of 29 Dukes C colorectal cancer patients, those with tumors that had two or more chromosomal regions of gain or loss had significantly better prognosis than patients with less (p = 0.02) (21). Loss of chromosome 5q and lack of 8q amplification in serous ovarian cancer n = 96) is associated with improved prognosis (5-year survival of 75% versus 0% with no loss on 5q and amplification on 8q p = 0.0007) (22). In childhood ALL the amplification of specific chromosomes, chromosome regions, and genes has been associated with chemotherapy resistance and clinical outcome (23,24). 

Microsatellite instability (MSI) in the tumor caused by defeetive DNA mismateh repair has been associated with outeome to ehemotherapy (34). For example, a study of 320 Dukes B2 and C colon cancers treated with 5-FU therapy showed that MSI status was eorrelated with improved survival (p = O.OI) (35). MSI is also associated with a mutator phenotype that may lead to mutations in pharmaeogenetic markers, which would not be pieked up by screening the germline genome. 

Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center... 

Levamisole was first synthesized for the treatment of parasitic infections. Later studies suggested that it increases the magnitude of delayed hypersensitivity or T cell-mediated immunity in humans. In immunodeficiency associated with Hodgkin s disease, levamisole has been noted to increase the number of T cells in vitro and to enhance skin test reactivity. Levamisole has also been widely tested in rheumatoid arthritis and found to have some efficacy. However, it has induced severe agranulocytosis (mainly in HLA-B27-positive patients), which required discontinuation of its use. The drug may also potentiate the action of fluorouracil (5-FU) in adjuvant therapy of colorectal cancer, and this combination has been approved for clinical use in the treatment of Dukes class C colorectal cancer after surgery. Its use in these cases reduces recurrences, and the mechanism... 

Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA... 

Chang RJ, Levin W, Wood AW, Shirai N, Ryan AJ, Duke CC, Jerina DM, Holder GM, Conney AH (1986) High tumorigenicity of the 3,4-dihydrodiol of 7-methylbenz[c] acridines on mouse skin and in newborn mice. Cancer Res 46 4552-4555... 

Program in Cancer Stem Cell Biology Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore... 

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