Canada aluminum

Thierry Ollevier Universite Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada Aluminum Trifluoromethanesulfonate 25... 

Canada, the United States, and South America are the principal exporters of cryoHte and Russia and Europe import cryoHte. Primary producers in North America are Alcan, Alcoa, and Reynolds Aluminum. The 1993 price of recovered-grade cryoHte, which has as impurity, was 400/t, and of... 

K AIE 20, has emerged as a highly efficient, noncorrosive, and nonhazardous flux for brazing aluminum parts of heat exchangers. Nocolok 100 Flux (Alcan Aluminum Corp.) developed by Alcan (Aluminum Co. of Canada) has been the first commercial product. Its use and mechanistic aspects of the associated brazing process have been weU documented (33—37). 

North America accounts for about 38% of the worldwide hydrogen fluoride production and 52% of the captive aluminum fluoride production. Table 6 (38) summarizes North American capacity for hydrogen fluoride as weU as this captive capacity for aluminum fluoride production. In North America, HF is produced in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, but represents a single market, as weU over 90% of the consumption is in the United States. 

Lead alloys containing 0.09—0.15 wt % calcium and 0.015—0.03 wt % aluminum are used for the negative battery grids of virtually all lead—acid batteries in the United States and are also used in Japan, Canada, and Europe. If the molten alloy is held at too low a temperature, the aluminum precipitates from solution, rises to the surface of the molten alloy as finely divided aluminum particles, and enters the dross layer atop the melt. 

Bayer aluminum hydroxides in most grades are sold by all major U.S. alumina producers. Other firms offering aluminum hydroxide fillers probably operate reprocessing faciHties to grind or otherwise treat hydroxide obtained from the primary producers. Countries exporting small amounts to the United States are Japan, Germany, Canada, and the UK. 

Rail-transported coal is typically moved in unit trains that operate in dedicated shuttle seivice between a mine and a destination. Unit trains operating in the western United States and Canada consist of 100 to 120 lightweight aluminum railcars cainying upward of 121 tons (110 tonnes) of coal apiece, or more than 14,000 tons (12,700 tonnes) per train. In the 1990s, distributed power (DP) came into widespread use in the western United States. In this system a remotely controlled engine is put into the middle of a train, allowing greater traction and control of train motion. DP trains can consist of 135 cars and are the most efficient method of rail transportation of coal. 

The Alcan (Aluminum Company of Canada) process is based on the direct reduction of the ore to form an aluminum alloy (by carbothermic reduction carried out in an electric arc furnace at about 2000 °C). The alloy is then reacted with aluminum trichloride at 1300 °C to form aluminum monochloride. The monochloride is next contacted with molten droplets of aluminum to form aluminum metal the trichloride is regenerated for further reaction ... 

Zinc is the fourth most widely used metal after iron, aluminum, and copper (lead is fifth). In abundant supply world-wide, zinc is mined and produced mainly in Canada, the former Soviet Union, Australia, Peru, Mexico, and the U.S. Historically, in the U.S. recoverable zinc has been mined in... 

One of the most important electrolytic processes is the extraction of aluminum from an ore called bauxite. This ore is mainly composed of hydrated aluminum oxide, AI2O3 XH2O. (The x in the formula indicates that the number of water molecules per formula unit is variable.) In industry, the scale of production of metals is huge. The electrolytic production of aluminum is over two million tonnes per year in Canada alone. As you know from Faraday s law, the amount of a metal produced by electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity used. Therefore, the industrial extraction of aluminum and other metals by electrolysis requires vast quantities of electricity. The availability and cost of electricity greatly influence the location of industrial plants. 

O Canada is a major producer of aluminum by the electrolysis of bauxite. However, there are no bauxite mines in Canada, and all the ore must be imported. Explain why aluminum is produced in Canada. 

Municipal solid waste differs from wood biomass in that it has a negative cost. In urban centres of Canada, waste is land-filled at a cost of about 6 to 8 per tonne. While valuable inorganics such as glass and aluminum can be recovered, the costs of separation are high, and technologies are still developing. 

Armstrong B, Tremblay C, Baris D, et al Lung cancer mortality and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons a case cohort study of aluminum production workers in Arvida, Quebec, Canada. Am J Epidemiol 139 250-262, 1994... 

ALCAN Aluminum Company of Canada amph amphibian... 

The principal aluminum-producing areas of the world, in addition to the United States and Europe, are Canada, Venezuela, Brazil, Norway, Australia, and the Republic of the Congo. In the United States the remaining plants are located in the slates of Washington, Oregon, and New York, along the Mississippi, and where water power generation is still available at somewhat reduced cost. 

Commercial tetrahydrofuran, purchased from British Drug House (Canada) Ltd. or Fisher Scientific Company, was refluxed over sodium metal, distilled from sodium metal, then redistilled from lithium aluminum hydride under a nitrogen atmosphere. 

Canada, Australia, Japan, and Western Europe whose population constitutes about 15% of the world s annually use 61% of produced aluminum, 60% of lead, 59% of copper, and 49% of steel. Annual utilization of aluminum by the average American constitutes 22 kg, for the average Indian it is only 2 kg, and for the average African it is less than 1 kg. 

The minimization of waste is an important issue. Recycling is a good option but should only be considered if reuse is not possible. For a sustainable future, it is necessary to recycle as much as possible. The amount of waste varies from country to country, with the United States leading the list with 0.88 ton per person per year, followed by Australia (0.74 ton per person per year), and Canada (0.5 ton per person per year) [35,36]. Only 27% of the municipal solid waste generated in the United States in 1995 was recycled. Materials typically recycled included paper, plastic, wood, steel, aluminum, and glass. 

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