Camera-based monitoring systems

According to United Nations Regulation No. 46 (UN R.46), vehicles must be equipped with systems providing indirect vision [1]. This indirect vision is achieved by using conventional mirrors attached to the vehicle. Based on the new international standard ISO 16505 2015 Road vehicles— Ergonomic and performance aspects of Camera Monitor Systems—Requirements and test procedures , the technical requirements are oudined for the replacement of such mandatory mirrors by camera monitor systems [2]. 

Against the backdrop of recent technical developments in modem driver assistance systems, a variety of camera-based systems have been introduced in series production vehicles. The realized functions range from simple rear-view cameras to advanced 360° surround view systems and even night-vision assistance systems including object recognition and sensor fusion. As a mle, such systems offered in series production vehicles are considered to be comfort or assistance systems and cannot be considered as mandatory vehicle systems. ISO 16505 2015, however, focuses on camera monitor systems which are intended to replace systems that are mandatory under current law. 

In principle, mirrors and CMS both have specific advantages and disadvantages, which already allow for a comparison based on technical-physical aspects. Table 1 compares these basic properties of mirrors and camera monitor systems, based on... 

ProViu Mirror is a platform camera monitor system which can be adapted to meet customer needs. In general, it consists of two 12.3" displays and four camera modules per vehicle. Two camera modules on each side are built into design-optimized housing and mounted onto the cabin s roof (see Fig. 6). The 12.3" displays are mounted in a portrait orientation in front of the A-pillar (see Fig. 7). Since 2012, ProViu Mirror has been constantly improved based on field test experience. 

Sapsford etal. (2001) examined microarray-based antibody-antigen binding kinetics in real time to determine the effect of spot size. Capture antibodies were immobilized in an array pattern onto silver-clad microscope slides. Antimouse IgG was directly attached to the surface or attached via neutravidin capture of the biotinylated antibody. Cy5-labeled mouse IgG capture was monitored based upon the signal generated from the excitation of an evanescent wave guide (slide) with a 635-nm laser source detection was achieved by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera system. Both static and flow-through conditions were employed. 

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