Calories requirements for

I. Calorie requirements for boys and girls have similar rates of increase until age 11. 

II. From ages 4 to 12 calorie requirements for boys and girls are wholly dissimilar. 

Rutishauser, I.H.E. and McCance, R.A. Calorie requirements for growth after severe undernutrition. Arch. Dis. Childh., 1968, 43, 252 - 256. 

Nonnutritive sweeteners are potently sweet ia general and only minute quantities are required for sweetening foods. As such, foods containing nonnutritive sweeteners generate no or negligible calories from the sweeteners themselves, regardless of whether or not these sweeteners are caloric. 

An IV fat emulsion contains soybean or safflower oil and a mixture of natural triglycerides, predominately unsaturated fatty acids. It is used in the prevention and treatment of essential fatty acid deficiency. It also provides nonprotein calories for those receiving TPN when calorie requirements cannot be met by glucose. Examples of intravenous fat emulsion include Intralipid 10% and 20%, Liposyn II 10% and 20%, and Liposyn III 10% and 20%. Fat emulsion is used as a source of calories and essential fatty acids for... 

Daily energy requirements for children are approximately 150% of basal metabolic rate with additional calories to support activity and growth (Table 57-5). Requirements increase with fever, sepsis, major surgery, trauma, burns, long-term growth failure, and chronic conditions (e.g., bronchopulmonary dysplasia, congenital heart disease, and cystic fibrosis). 

The fat content of the US diet has increased very substantially over the past few decades. Currently more than 40% of dietary calories are consumed in the form of fat. This can easily lead to weight gain. The energy required for conversion of dietary fat to fat in adipose tissue involves the loss of only 3% of the calories in the dietary fat. In contrast, the energy requirement for conversion of dietary carbohydrate to fat in adipose tissue involves the loss of 23% of the calories in the dietary carbohydrate. Clearly, dietary fat is a great source of body fat. 

Your basal metabolism requires approximately 46 Calories per hour (h) per 100 pounds (lb) of body mass to carry out basic functions required for life, apart from doing any kind of exercise. A person walking at 2 miles per hour on a level path requires approximately 45 Calories per hour per 100 pounds of body mass beyond basal metabolism. The same person swimming at 2 miles per hour consumes 360 Calories per hour per 100 pounds beyond basal metabolism. 

The energy required to raise the temperature of the calorimeter walls is the difference between the total energy and that required for the water—that is, 254 — 220 = 34 cal. The heat capacity of the calorimeter (calories required to raise that part of its walls in contact with the liquid by 1.0°C) is... 

The heal required for sublimation (1200 Btu per pound of ice 664 kilogram-calories per kilogram of ice) can be supplied by conduction, radiation, electric resistance, microwave, or infrared heating. Three methods of heal input that have been investigated extensively are shown in Fig. 2. Depending on the method of heal transfer, the temperature gradient between Ihe sublimation interface and the heat source is limited by Ihe maximum temperature which can be tolerated on Ihe surface of the dry... 

Current nutritional awareness in the western world is probably unparalleled in the history of man. One need only look in health food stores and supermarkets to see the results of this awareness. Many food companies now place major emphasis on the natural, pure, low-calorie, additive-free, health- and fitness-oriented ingredients in their products. Nutritionists have established requirements for normal individuals, and additional data are being acquired rapidly on diets designed especially for individuals who experience high stress due either to illness or life style. 

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