Lidocaine Caffeine

Elimination of many drugs (eg, acetaminophen, many antibiotics, caffeine, lidocaine, morphine, phenytoln, and theophylline) is prolonged in neonates. For example, the half-life of caffeine Is approximately 3 hours in adults but may be greater than 100 hours In newborns. 

Smigol, V. Svec, F. Frdchet, J.M.J. Novel uniformly sized polymeric stationary phase with hydrophilized large pores for direct iiyection HPLC determination of drugs in biological fluids. J.liq.Chromatogr., 1994,17, 891-911 [direct irgecUon txsw, plasma also aspirin, caffeine, lidocaine, phenytoin, salicylic acid, theobromine, theophylline]... 

In the identification of products that are suspected to contain illicit compounds, the use of reference materials (controls) for the main compounds analyzed, as well as for the main adulterants that could be present, is recommended. As an example, seized cocaine samples could have the following adulterants caffeine, lidocaine, benzocaine, ketamine, and procaine among others. The samples and controls used in chromatographic runs can be dissolved in methanol at a final concentration of 1 mg mL-. The chemical form of the controls (i.e., freebase or salt) that will be spotted on the plates is not important. Both forms are acceptable because the compounds always move as freebases on TLC plates [3]. 

Street cocaine Is often "cut with amphetamine, caffeine, lidocaine, quinine, or even strychnine. 

Smoking cessation, with or without nicotine substitutes, may alter response to concomitant medication in ex-smokers. Smoking may affect alcohol, benzodiazepines, beta-adrenergic blockers, caffeine, clozapine, fluvoxamine, olanzapine, tacrine, theophylline, clorazepate, lidocaine (oral), estradiol, flecanide, imipramine, heparin, insulin, mexiletine, opioids, propranolol, catecholamines, and cortisol. 

Omeprazole can inhibit the metabolism of drugs metabolised mainly by the cytochrome P-450 enzyme subfamily 2C (diazepam, phenytoin), but not of those metabolished by subfamilies lA (caffeine, theophylline), 2D (metoprolol, propranolol), and 3A (ciclosporin, lidocaine (lignocaine), quinidine). Since relatively few drugs are metabolised mainly by 2C compared with 2D and 3A, the potential for omeprazole to interfere with the metabolism of other drugs appears to be limited, but the half lives of diazepam and phenytoin are prolonged as much as by cimetidine. 

Modulation of epidermal hpid biosynthesis has been reported to boost dmg delivery. It has also been suggested that it is both the hydrophobic nature of the lipids as well as their tortuous, extracellular localization that are responsible for the restriction in the transport of most molecules across the stratum corneum. The function of this barrier depends on three key lipids cholesterol, fatty acid, or ceramides. Delays of synthesis ceramides in the epidermis have been reported as means of barrier perturbation. Inhibitors of lipid synthesis were used to enhance the trans-dermal delivery of lidocaine or caffeine. Alteration of barrier function was produced by either the fatty acid synthesis inhibitor 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-fiirancarboxylic acid, the cholesterol synthesis inhibitor fluvastatin, or the cholesterol sulfate, which resulted in a further increase in lidocaine absorption (33). 

Povidone K 25 added, jig Lactose Glucose Tartaric acid Acetyl- salicylic acid Thiamine hydro- chloride Brom- isoval Caffeine Ephedrine hydro- chloride Lidocaine Meproba- mate Pheno- barbital Salicyl- amide... 

Clinically important, potentially hazardous interactions with acenocoumarol, alfuzosin, aminophylline, anisindione, anticoagulants, buprenorphine, butorphanol, caffeine, carmustine, dobazam, cocoa, dicumarol, dofetilide, duloxetine, epirubicin, eszopiclone, fentanyl, floxuridine, fluorouracil, galantamine, gliclazide, hydromorphone, itraconazole, ketoconazole, lidocaine, meptazinol, midazolam, mizolastine, modobemide, morphine, narcotic analgesics, oxprenolol, oxycodone, pentazocine, phenytoin, posaconazole, prednisone, propranolol, sufentanil, tolazoline, warfarin, xanthines, zaleplon, zofenopril, zolmitriptan, zolpidem... 

ZiebeU ], Shaw-Stiffel X Update on the use of metabolic probes to quantify liver function Caffeine versus lidocaine. Dig Dis 1995 13 239-50. 

De Vos and Jonkhoff described a gas chromatographic method to determine caffeine in several pharmaceutical preparations, e.g. tablets and suppositories. The tablet and suppository assay was carried out by dissolving or suspending the preparation in chloroform, to which the internal standard, lidocaine, had been added. The gas chromatographic separation was obtained on a 3 % OV-1 packed column at 160°C. Caffeine could be determined with a standard deviation of about 2 %. 

Simultaneous amitriptyline, caffeine, clomipramine, codeine, desipramine, etbotoin, imip-ramine, lidocaine, mesantoin, metbsuximide, nirvanol, nortriptyline, oxeizepam, propranolol, quinidine... 

Extracted allobarbital, azinphos, barbital, brallobarbitone, bromazepam, butethal, caffeine, carbamazepine, ceirbaryl, cephaloridine, chloramphenicol, cblordiazepoxide, chlorothiazide, chlorvinphos, clothiapine, cocaine, coomassie blue, desipramine, diazepam, diphenhydramine, dipipanone, ethylbromphos, flufenamic acid, formothion, griseofiilvin, indomethacin, lidocaine, lorazepam, malatbion, medazepam, midazolam, oxazepam, par-aoxon, penicillin G, pentobarbital, prazepam, propoxyphene, prothiophos, quinine, salicylic acid, secobarbital, strychnine, sulfamethoxazole, theophylline, thiopental, thioridazine, trimethoprim... 

Hays, P.A. Lurie, I.S. Quantitative analysis of adulterants in illicit heroin samples via reversed phase HPLC. J.Liq.Chromatogr., 1991, 14, 3513—3517 [also acetylcodeine, acetylmorphine, aspirin, ben-zocaine, caffeine, chloroquine, diamorphine, diazepam, diphenhydramine, dip3rrone, lidocaine, meth-aqualone, monoacetylmorphine, morphine, nicotinamide, noscapine, papaverine, phenacetin, pheno-barbital, phenolphthalein, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, salicylic acid, strychnine]... 

Also analyzed acebutolol, acepromazine, acetaminophen, acetazolamide, acetophenazine, albuterol, amitriptyline, amobarbital, amoxapine, antipsrrine, atenolol, atropine, azata-dine, baclofen, benzocaine, bromocriptine, brompheniramine, brotizolam, bupivacaine, buspirone, butabarbital, butalbital, caffeine, carbamazepine, cetirizine, chlorqyclizine, chlordiazepoxide, chlormezanone, chloroquine, chlorpheniramine, chlorpromazine, chlorpropamide, chlorprothixene, chlorthalidone, chlorzoxazone, cimetidine, cisapride, clomipramine, clonazepam, clonidine, clozapine, cocaine, codeine, colchicine, qyclizine, (yclo-benzaprine, dantrolene, desipramine, diazepam, diclofenac, diflunisal, diltiazem, diphenhydramine, diphenidol, dipheno late, dipyridamole, disopyramide, dobutamine, doxapram, doxepin, droperidol, encainide, ethidium bromide, ethopropazine, fenoprofen, fentanyl, flavoxate, fluoxetine, fluphenazine, flurazepam, flurbiprofen, fluvoxamine, fii-rosemide, glutethimide, glyburide, guaifenesin, haloperidol, homatropine, hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, hydro g chloroquine, hydroxyzine, ibuprofen, imipramine, indomethacin, ketoconazole, ketoprofen, ketorolac, labetalol, le-vorphanol, lidocaine, loratadine, lorazepam, lovastatin, loxapine, mazindol, mefenamic acid, meperidine, mephenytoin, mepivacaine, mesoridazine, metaproterenol, methadone, methdilazine, methocarbamol, methotrexate, methotrimeprazine, methoxamine, methyl-dopa, methylphenidate, metoclopramide, metolazone, metoprolol, metronidazole, midazolam, moclobemide, morphine, nadolol, nalbuphine, naloxone, naphazoline, naproxen, nifedipine, nizatidine, norepinephrine, nortriptyline, oxazepam, oxycodone, oxymetazo-line, paroxetine, pemoline, pentazocine, pentobarbital, pentoxifylline, perphenazine, pheniramine, phenobarbital, phenol, phenolphthalein, phentolamine, phenylbutazone, phenyltoloxamine, phenytoin, pimozide, pindolol, piroxicam, pramoxine, prazepam, prazosin, probenecid, procainamide, procaine, prochlorperazine, procyclidine, promazine, promethazine, propafenone, propantheline, propiomazine, propofol, propranolol, protriptyline, quazepam, quinidine, quinine, racemethorphan, ranitidine, remoxipride, risperidone, salicylic acid, scopolamine, secobarbital, sertraline, sotalol, spironolactone, sulfinpyrazone, sulindac, temazepam, terbutaline, terfenadine, tetracaine, theophylline, thiethyl-perazine, thiopental, thioridazine, thiothixene, timolol, tocainide, tolbutamide, tolmetin, trazodone, triamterene, triazolam, trifluoperazine, triflupromazine, trimeprazine, trimethoprim, trimipramine, verapamil, warfarin, xylometazoline, yohimbine, zopiclone... 

Ehctracted amphetamine, benzoylecgonine, caffeine, codeine, cotinine, desipramine, diazepam, diphenhydramine, ephedrine, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, lidocaine, methadone, metheimphetamine, morphine, nordiazepam, nortriptyline, oxazepam, pentazocine, phen-metrazine, phenobarbital, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine, secobarbital Interfering flurazepam, imipramine... 

Noninterfering acetaminophen, N-acetylprocainamide, amikacin, caffeine, carbamaze-pine, chloramphenicol, clonazepam, (yclosporine, diazepam, digoxin, disopyramide, etho-suximide, flurazepam, gentamicin, haloperidol, kanamycin, lidocaine, meprobamate. 

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