Ceramide synthesis

Michel, C., Van Echten-Deckert, G., Rother, J., Sandhoff, K., Wang, E, and Merrill, A.H Jr., 1997, Characterization of Ceramide Synthesis. A Dihydroceramide desaturase intoduces the 4,5-trans-double bond of sphingosine at the level of dihydroceramide. /. Biol. Chem. 111-. 22432-22437. 

Cabot, M. C., Giulano, A. E., Han, T-Y., and Liu, Y-Y., 1999, SDZ PSC 833, the cyclosporin A analog and multidrug resistance modulator, activates ceramide synthesis and increases vinblastine sensitivity in drug-sensitive and drag-resistant cancer cells. Cancer Res. 59 880-885. 

Rawlings, A.V. etal. Keratinocyte ceramide synthesis, effect of lactic acid isomers on stratum corneum lipid levels and stratum corneum barrier function, Arch. Dermatol. Res., 288, 383, 1996. 

Jennemann R, Sandhoff R, Langbein L, Kaden S, Rothermel U, Gallala H, Sandhoff K, Wiegandt H, Gome HJ. Integrity and barrier function of the epidermis critically depend on glucosyl-ceramide synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 2007 282 3083-3094. Kinoshita T, Ohishi K, Takeda J. GPI-anchor synthesis in mammalian cells genes, their products and deficiency. J. Biochem. 1997 122 251-257. 

Another forefront technique to improve the function of the stratum corneum and enhance barrier repair in dry skin is the use of epidermal differentiation. A number of hormone receptors for epidermal differentiation have been identified. This family of receptors includes retinoic acid receptors, the steroid receptors, the thyroid receptors, the Vitamin D receptors, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, the farnesol-activated receptors, and the liver-activated receptors. It is reported that these transcription factors bind their respective ligands and regulate many of the aspects of cellular proliferation and differentiation. Examples of ligands for the last three transcription factors are fatty acids for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, famesol for the farnesol-activated receptor, and hydroxylated cholesterol derivatives for the liver-activated receptor. The stimulation of epidermal differentiation stimulated the synthesis of involucrin, filaggrin, and the enzymes of the ceramide synthesis pathway (74). 

Sphingolipid biosynthesis is catalyzed by membrane-bound enzymes of the endoplasmic reticulum. Sphingo-sine, an acylaminoalcohol, is synthesized from palmitoyl-CoA and serine in a reaction that requires pyridoxal phosphate, NADPH, and Mn + (Figure 19-7). The exact pathway of ceramide synthesis is not known. The acyl group may be added to the 2-amino group of sphinganine,... 

Pewzner-Jung Y, Ben-Dor S, Futerman AH. When do Lasses (longevity assurance genes) become CerS (ceramide synthases) Insights into the regulation of ceramide synthesis. J Biol Chem 281(2006) 25001-25005. 

Worgall TS, Juliano RA, Seo T, Deckelbaum RJ. Ceramide synthesis correlates with the posttranscriptional regulation of the sterol-regulatory element-binding protein. Arterios-cler Thromb Vase Biol 24(2004a) 943-948. 

Guillas, L, Kirchman, P.A., Chuard, R., Pfefferli, M., Jiang, J.C., Jazwinski, S.M., and Conzelmann, A. C26-CoA-dependent ceramide synthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is operated by Laglp and Laclp. Embo J, 20, 2001, 2655-2665. 

Reynolds, C.P., Maurer, B.J., and Kolesnick, R.N. Ceramide synthesis and metabolism as a target for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett, 206, 2004, 169-180. 

Venkataraman, K., and Futerman, A. H. Do longevity assurance genes containing Hox domains regulate cell development via ceramide synthesis FEBS Lett 528 (2002a) 3-4. 

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