Indium cadmium selenide

A number of companies are currently involved in thin-fllm photovoltaics [17], and low-cost multilayer thin-fllm amorphous silicon and CdTe (cadmium telluride) systems have already been installed in large numbers with efficiencies of the order of 10% and of about 80% output after 25 years of operation. Large-scale plants have been announced for the so-called CIS (cadmium indium selenide) and CGIS (copper gallium indium diselenide), technologies with production efficiencies in the range 12-13% and laboratory measurements up to 19.9% [18]. 

Fig. 12. Spectral response regions for various photovoltaic technologies. CIG stands for cadmium indium gallium selenide.

Photovoltaic cells, or solar cells, work by containing matericadmium telluride, or copper indium selenide whose electrons, ire easily excited by photons from the sun, creating electricity. 

Other materials that can be used for semiconductor solar batteries are gallium arsenide GaS, cadmium telluride TeCd, and copper-indium selenide CuInSe. 

A heterojunction of copper indium selenide on n-type cadmium sulfide indicated that the films, as deposited, were p-type. These films yielded an OCV of 100 mV and SCC of 2 mA/cm . The main problem with these films was poor grain morphology. 

Semiconductor deposition materials used include amorphous silicon, polycrystalline silicon, micro-crystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium selenide/sulfide. Typically, the top surface is low iron solar glass for rigid cells (a fluoropolymer for flexible cells), the encapsulant is crosslinkable ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), and the rear layer is a Tedlar - PET - Tedlar laminate (although glass, coated PET, or another bondable polymeric film are also used). 

Cachet H, Cortes R, Eroment M, Mamin G (1997) Epitaxial electrodeposition of cadmium selenide thin films on indium phosphide single crystal. J Solid State Electrochem 1 100-107... 

Rabchynski SM, Ivanou DK, Streltsov EA (2004) Photoelectrochemical formation of indium and cadmium selenide nanoparticles through Se electrode precursor. Electrochem Commun 6 1051-1056... 

Quantum detectors are usually made of semiconductor materials or mixtures. Some commonly used quantum detectors are made of lead sulfide (PbS), lead selenide (PbSe), indium antimony (InSb), or mercury cadmium telluride (MCT, HgTe-CdTe). The absorption of infrared radiation in quantum detectors excites electrons... 

The a-furildioxime method has been used for determining nickel in silicate and sulphide minerals [16], tungsten selenide [83], steel [16], indium and aluminium [84], cadmium [85], alkalis [3], beryllium [86], rhenium [87], compounds of rare-earth elements [88,89], petroleum products [90], and boiler water [91]. 

Many other systems based on different nanoparticles have been introduced, such as copper indium disulfide (CuInS2) [263-265], copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2) [266,267], cadmium telluride (CdTe) [268], lead sulfide (PbS) [269,270], lead selenide (PdSe) [271], and mercury telluride (HgTe) [272]. Some of these systems show enhanced spectral response well into the infrared part of the solar spectrum [271,272]. In most cases the absorption of the nanocrystals was, however, quantitatively small as compared to the conjugated polymers. 

Thanks to a severe control of the experimental conditions, epitaxial growth of cadmium selenide on indium phosphide and gallium arsenide has been demonstrated. 

The relationship between the size of the quantum dots and their electronic emission spectra has been elegantly shown with zinc selenide, cadmium sulfide, indium phosphide, and indium arsenide nanocrystals. The emission maxima of CdS, InP, and InAs quantum dots (Table 7.4) provide an excellent example of how these maxima are dependent on both... 

Variety of semiconducting material such as single and poly crystal silicon, amorphous silicon, Cadmium-Telluride (CdTe), Copper Indium/Gal-lium Di Selenide (CIGS) have been employed to form inorganic solar cell based on layers configuration to enhance absorption efficiency, conversion efficiency, production and maintenance cost. 

Substrates, Films are usually prepared on platinum or gold electrodes which are inert, but semiconducting materials including indium tin oxide, n-type polycrystalline silicon, gallium arsenide, cadmium sulphide and cadmium selenide, graphite [38, 59], and oxide covered metals [60] have also been used. In the majority of cases, the films are produced readily and the only serious limitations are the potential and the nucleophilic nature of the solution. 

Apart from metals, good-quality polypyrrole films have also been prepared using a variety of semiconducting materials, such as indium-tin oxide (ITO) glass [39,40], gallium phosphide [41], silicon [42-44], cadmium sulfide, or cadmium selenide [45] as the electrode. 

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