Cell culture cadmium

Primary renal cell culture has been utilized to study a number of nephrotoxic agents including mercuric chloride (Inamoto et al., 1976), cadmium (Cherian, 1982), lead (McLachlin et al., 1980), cisplatin (Tay et al., 1988), aminoglycoside antibiotics... 

It has become increasingly apparent that a number of chemical substances canse adverse effects on one or more of the anatomical elements of the kidney. These include the glomerulus proximal, intermediate, and distal tubnles and mednllary, endothelial, and urothelial cells. While the proximal tubular cells have self-repairing ability, the same is not true with glomerular epithelium and the mednllary interstitial cells. Reports have indicated that cadmium and lead cause renal tnbnlar dysfnnction in animals and humans." Cell culture studies show that cadmium increases cell death. 

KimuraO, EndoT, HottaY,and Sakata M. Effects of P-glycoprotein inhibitors on transepithelial transport of cadmium in cultured renal epithelial cells, EEC-PK1 and EEC-GA5-COE150. Toxicology 208 123-132, 2005. 

Liu X, Squibb KS, Akkerman M, Nordberg GF, Lipsky M, Fowler BA. Cytotoxicity, zinc protection and stress protein induction in rat proximal tubule cells exposed to cadmium chloride in primary cell culture. Renal Failure 1996 8 867-882. 

Calevro F, Beuersmann D, Hartwig A. Effect of cadmium (II) on the extent of oxidative DNA damage in primary brain cell cultures for Pleuerdeles larvae. Toxicol Lett 1998 94(3) 217-25. 

In contrast to the cross-tolerance studies described above employing arsenic, similar experiments reported that cadmium induces self-tolerance (Cervera 1985), but pretreatment with zinc or cadmium generally does not confer thermotolerance in cultured cells (Cervera 1985) and sea urchin embryos (Roccheri et al. 1988). Heat pretreatment does not confer crosstolerance to cadmium in cultured cells (Cervera 1985 Ciavarra and Simeone 1990a,b), although a few exceptions have been reported. Kapoor and SvEENiVASAN (1988) demonstrated that cadmium chloride treatment led to the induction of high levels of peroxidase activity and induced thermotolerance in the mold Neurospora crassa, although no correlation between levels of superoxide dismutase and the development of thermotolerance could be established. 

Soder (40) used TLC to separate nucleotides from cell culture. TLC gave high resolution, but low load capacity and cumbersome procedures to handle material. Plate CEL 300 and butanol-acetic-water or ethanol-ammonium acetate (pH 5) effected good separations. He employed colorimetric quantitation with ninhydrin-cadmium. TLC was most effective for nucleotides below 4000 mw. Kumar (41) separated plant viral RNA. He used cellulose TLC, n-butyric-ammonia-water as 1-D, and ammonium sulfate-sodium acetate-isopropenal as 2-D. The system easily separates 2 vs 3 NMP s. Munns et al. (42) separated methylated RNA by 2-D TLC. They employed varying percentages of silica gel/cellulose in acetonitrile (ACN) ethyl- or acetate-propanol-butanol-water-ammonium hydroxide. 

Paramecium caudatum (the wild strain) cell culture was cultivated in the Lozina-Lozinsky medium with addition of nutritive medium yeasts containing Saccharomy-ces cerevisiae yeasts. The oxidative stress was induced by cadmium chloride, lead acetate, and hydrogen peroxide (H O ). Infusorians sensitivity to toxic agents was determined by time of their death established by protozoa motion cessation, often accompanied by cell deformation and cytolysis. The exposure time was 2hours. The control in all tests was the number of cells in 10 ml of the medium containing the intact culture of infusorian (without oxidative stress induction). 

Current evidence suggests that Cd is the ultimate damaging species, since water-soluble and particulate, water-insoluble cadmium compounds exert similar effects in experimental cell culture systems and in experimental animals. In a recent study. 

Liu, J., Kershaw, W.C. and Klaasen, C.D. (1990). Rat primary hepatocyte cultures are a good model for examining metallothionein-induced tolerance to cadmium toxicity. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 26 75-79. 

Wolff NA, Abouhamed M, Verroust PJ, and Thevenod F. Megalln-dependent Internalization of cadmium-metallothionein and cytotoxicity In cultured renal proximal tubule cells. J Pharmacol ExpTher 318 782-791,2006. 

Flahn FI, FluckCW, Rainer M, Najam-ul-Flaq M, Bakry R, AbbergerT, Jennings P, Pfaller W, and Bonn GK. Analysis of glutathione in supernatants and lysates of a human proximal tubular cell line from perfusion culture upon intoxication with cadmium chloride by HPLC and LC-ESI-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 388 1763-1769,2007. 

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