Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein

AMPK can also be activated by a Ca2+-mediated pathway involving phosphorylation at Thr-172 by the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, CaMKK 3. CaMKKa and CaMKK 3 were discovered as the upstream kinase for the calmodulin-dependent protein kinases-1 and -IV they both activate AMPK in a Ca2+/ calmodulin-dependent manner in cell-free assays, although CaMKK 3 appears to much more active against AMPK in intact cells. Expression of CaMKKa and CaMKK(3 primarily occurs in neural tissues, but CaMKKp is also expressed in some other cell types. Thus, the Ca2+-mediated pathway for AMPK activation has now been shown to occur in response to depolarization in rat neuronal tissue, in response to thrombin (acting via a Gq-coupled receptor) in endothelial cells, and in response to activation of the T cell receptor in T cells. 

Bagni, C., Mannucci, L., Dotti, C. G., and Amaldi, F. (2000). Chemical stimulation of synaptosomes modulates alpha —Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II mRNA association to polysomes. J. Neurosci. 20, RC76. 

Takao, K., Okamoto, K., Nakagawa, T., Neve, R. L., Nagai, T., Miyawaki, A., Hashikawa, T., Kobayashi, S. and Hayashi, Y. (2005). Visualization of synaptic Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activity in living neurons. J. Neurosci. 25, 3107-12. 

ALD adrenoleukodystrophy CaMK Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase cyclic adenosine 3, 5 -monophosphate... 

Jayashree, T., Praveen-Rao, J., and Subramanyam, C. (2000). Regulation of aflatoxin production by Ca2- -/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 83, 215-219. 

G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) 441 scaffold proteins 441 inhibitory G protein (GO 441 calmodulin (CaM) 444 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases I IV)) 444 two-component signaling systems 452 receptor His kinase 452 response regulator 452 receptorlike kinase (RLK) 455... 

Anderson, K. A., Ribar, T. J., Illario, M. and Means, A. R., 1997, Defective survival and activation of thymocytes in transgenic mice expressing a catalytically inactive form of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase TV, Mol Endocrinol, 11, pp 725—37. 

Bland, M. M., Monroe, R. S. and Ohmstede, C. A., 1994, The cDNA sequence and characterization of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-Gr from human brain and thymus, Gene, 142, pp 191-7. 

Cruzalegui, F. H. and Means, A. R., 1993, Biochemical characterization of the multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV expressed in insect cells, J Biol Chem, 268, pp 26171-26178. 

Hanissian, S. H., Frangakis, M., Bland, M. M., Jawahar, S. and Chatila, T. A., 1993, Expression of a Ca2- -/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, CaM kinase-Gr, in human T lymphocytes. Regulation of kinase activity by T cell receptor signaling, J Biol Chem, 268, pp 20055—63. 

Hong, S. P., Momcilovic, M. and Carlson, M., 2005, Function of mammalian LKB1 and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase alpha as Snfl-activating kinases in yeast, J Biol Chem, 280, pp 21804-9. 

Hsu, L. S., Chen, G. D., Lee, L. S., Chi, C. W., Cheng, J. F. and Chen, J. Y., 2001, Human Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta gene encodes multiple isoforms that display distinct kinase activity, J Biol Chem, 276, pp 31113-23. 

Hudmon, A. and Schulman, H 2002, NEURONAL CA2+/CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE II The Role of Structure and Autoregulation in Cellular Function, Annu Rev Biochem, 71, pp 473-510. 

Ishikawa, Y., Tokumitsu, H., Inuzuka, H., Murata-Hori, M., Hosoya, H. and Kobayashi, R., 2003, Identification and characterization of novel components of a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase cascade in HeLa cells, FEBS Lett, 550, pp 57-63. 

Means, A. R., Cruzalegui, F., LeMagueresse, B., Needleman, D. S., Slaughter, G. R. and Ono, T., 1991, A novel Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and a male germ cell-specific calmodulin-binding protein are derived from the same gene, Mol Cell Biol, 11, pp 3960-3971. 

Nishimura, H., Sakagami, H., Uezu, A., Fukunaga, K., Watanabe, M. and Kondo, H., 2003, Cloning, characterization and expression of two alternatively splicing isoforms of Ca2- -/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I gamma in the rat brain, J Neurochem, 85, pp 1216-27. 

Ohmstede, C. A., Jensen, K. F. and Sahyoun, N. E., 1989, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase enriched in cerebellar granule cells. Identification of a novel neuronal calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, J Biol Chem, 264, pp 5866-75. 

Park, I. K. and Soderling, T. R., 1995, Activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM-kinase) IV by CaM-kinase kinase in Jurkat T lymphocytes, J Biol Chem, 270, pp 30464-9. 

Sakagami, H. and Kondo, H., 1993, Cloning and sequencing of a gene encoding the beta polypeptide of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV and its expression confined to the mature cerebellar granule cells, Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 19, pp 215—8. 

Sakagami, H., Umemiya, M., Kobayashi, T., Saito, S. and Kondo, H., 1999, Immunological evidence that the beta isoform of Ca2 +/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase TV is a cerebellar granule cell-specific product of the CaM kinase TV gene, Eur J Neurosci, 11, pp 2531-6. 

Seibert, M. A., Anderson, K. A., Huang, Q., Goldstein, E. G., Means, A. R. and Edelman, A. M., 1995, Phosphorylation and activation of Ca2+ -calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV by Ca2+ -calmodulin-dependent protein kinase la kinase Phosphorylation of threonine 196 is essential for activation, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, pp 17616-17621. 

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