C-reducts

Fig. 9. Effect of temperature on strength and ductiUty of a nickel-base superaHoy, IN-939, showing A, tensile strength B, 0.2% proof stress C, reduction in...

Lateritic Ores. The process used at the Nicaro plant in Cuba requires that the dried ore be roasted in a reducing atmosphere of carbon monoxide at 760°C for 90 minutes. The reduced ore is cooled and discharged into an ammoniacal leaching solution. Nickel and cobalt are held in solution until the soflds are precipitated. The solution is then thickened, filtered, and steam heated to eliminate the ammonia. Nickel and cobalt are precipitated from solution as carbonates and sulfates. This method (8) has several disadvantages (/) a relatively high reduction temperature and a long reaction time (2) formation of nickel oxides (J) a low recovery of nickel and the contamination of nickel with cobalt and (4) low cobalt recovery. Modifications to this process have been proposed but all include the undesirable high 760°C reduction temperature (9). 

Aluminum or sodium amalgam reduces 3-ones to 1,2-dihydro derivatives (71TH21500), as does borohydride (63JCS5156) and catalytic hydrogenation (Pd/SrCOs) (71TH21500). Catalytic (Pd/C) reduction of a 5-one also gave a 1,2-dihydro compound (74JMC553). 

The temperature coefficient curve is given in Figure 9.5(b). This is plotted on the assumption that the insulation resistance doubles for each I8°C reduction in temperature (above the dew point). 

Particular mention should be made of the influence of styrene monomer (Figure 16.10). An increase of the residual monomer from 0 to 5% can cause a 30°C reduction in softening point. On the other hand there is a marked increase in the ease of flow. It is not, however, good practice to change the flow properties in this way as the monomer will volatilise in the processing machine and the... 

C Reduction in the quantity or type of raw materials used in production... 

Products of the high temperature (typically 750-850°C) reduction of ZrX4 (X = Cl, Br, I) with Zr metal in various proportions, have provided intriguing structural problems. Black phases initially thought to be ZrX2 and made up of ZrgXi2 clusters, isostructural with the well-known [M6Xi2]"+ clusters of Nb and Ta, (p. 992), were subsequently shown to contain... 

Reduction of benzofuroxans is usually the most convenient route to benzofurazans and o-quinone dioximes (see Section VI, C). Reduction of 4-nitrobenzofuroxan would seem to be a method of synthesis of 1,2,3-triaminobenzene, while the haloalkoxy-substitution reaction (Section VTT,B) and the rearrangements of Section VIII provide compounds accessible only with difficulty by other methods. Apart from these reactions, the benzofuroxans appear to be of limited synthetic utility. 

C. Reductive Cleavage of Isoxazoles and of Their Hydrogenated Derivatives... 

C. Reduction of )3-Keto Sulfoxides with Aluminum Amalgam (//)... 

Water vapour dew point — 25°C reduction reaction occurs No attack... 

Additional effects LDL-C reduction Increased energy expenditure Metabolic effects... 

Economizers are one of several types of FW heaters, all of which are designed to provide thermodynamic gains in the steam cycle. They typically are located in the exit gas system, where their use improves overall boiler efficiency, which tends to increase by 1 % for every 40 to 50 °F (22-28 °C) reduction in flue gas temperature... 

The general mechanism of coupling reactions of aryl-alkenyl halides with organometallic reagents and nucleophiles is shown in Fig. 9.4. It contains (a) oxidative addition of aryl-alkenyl halides to zero-valent transition metal catalysts such as Pd(0), (b) transmetallation of organometallic reagents to transition metal complexes, and (c) reductive elimination of coupled product with the regeneration of the zero-valent transition metal catalyst. 

TABLE 12.1 Standard Potentials Species i at 25°C Reduction half-reaction E° (V)... 

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