C hydrogenative

Copper(II) ions in aqueous solution are readily obtained from any copper-containing material. The reactions with (a) alkali (p. 430), (b) concentrated ammonia (p 413) and (c) hydrogen sulphide (p. 413) provide satisfactory tests for aqueous copper(II) ions. A further test is to add a hexacyanoferrate(II) (usually as the potassium salt) when a chocolate-brown precipitate of copper(II) hexacyanoferrate(II) is obtained ... 

Temp. °C Hydrogen sulfide Methane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Oxygen Sulfur dioxide ... 

Metal—Water Processes. The steam-iron process, one of the oldest methods to produce hydrogen, iavolves the reaction of steam and spongy iron at 870°C. Hydrogen and iron oxide are formed. These then react further with water gas to recover iron. Water gas is produced by reaction of coal with steam and air. 

Conditions cited for Rh on alumina hydrogenation of MDA are much less severe, 117 °C and 760 kPA (110 psi) (26). With 550 kPa (80 psi) ammonia partial pressure present ia the hydrogenation of twice-distilled MDA employing 2-propanol solvent at 121°C and 1.3 MPa (190 psi) total pressure, the supported Rh catalyst could be extensively reused (27). Medium pressure (3.9 MPa = 566 psi) and temperature (80°C) hydrogenation usiag iridium yields low trans trans isomer MDCHA (28). Improved selectivity to aUcychc diamine from MDA has been claimed (29) for alumina-supported iridium and rhodium by iatroduciag the tertiary amines l,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane [280-57-9] and quiaucHdine [100-76-5]. 

Fused basic salts and basic oxides react with vitreous siUca at elevated temperatures. Reaction with alkaline-earth oxides takes place at approximately 900°C. Hahdes tend to dissolve vitreous siUca at high temperatures fluorides are the most reactive (95). Dry halogen gases do not react with vitreous siUca below 300°C. Hydrogen fluoride, however, readily attacks vitreous siUca. 

At 550—600°C, hydrogen sulfide reacts with chloroaromatic compounds forming thiophenols and diaryl sulfides (115) ... 

Diethyl sulfate can be prepared by a vahety of methods. When ethyl hydrogen sulfate is heated with sodium chloride to 80°C, hydrogen chloride is hberated. The resulting reaction mixture is then distilled at 1.33—2.00 kPa (10—15 mm Hg) at a maximum ketde temperature of 190°C to give diethyl sulfate in 90% yield (95). 

If tin and sulfur are heated, a vigorous reaction takes place with the formation of tin sulfides. At 100—400°C, hydrogen sulfide reacts with tin, forming stannous sulfide however, at ordinary temperatures no reaction occurs. Stannous sulfide also forms from the reaction of tin with an aqueous solution of sulfur dioxide. Molten tin reacts with phosphoms, forming a phosphide. Aqueous solutions of the hydroxides and carbonates of sodium and potassium, especially when warm, attack tin. Stannates are produced by the action of strong sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide solutions on tin. Oxidizing agents, eg, sodium or potassium nitrate or nitrite, are used to prevent the formation of stannites and to promote the reactions. 

In iadustrial production of titanium carbide, pure (99.8%, with minor impurities of Si, Fe, S, P, and alkahes) titanium oxide [13463-67-7] Ti02, iu the dry or wet state is mixed iu 68.5 31.5 ratio with carbon black or finely milled low ash graphite. The dry mixture is pressed iato blocks that are heated iu a horizontal or vertical carbon-tube furnace at 1900—2300°C hydrogen that is free of oxygen and nitrogen serves as protective gas. In the vertical push-type furnaces, the Hberated CO itself provides protection. 

Methylene chloride is easily reduced to methyl chloride and methane by alkaU metal ammonium compounds in Hquid ammonia. When the vapor is contacted with reduced nickel at 200°C in the presence of excess hydrogen, hydrogen chloride and elementary carbon are produced. Heating with alcohoHc ammonia at 100—125°C results in hexamethylenetetramine, (CH2) N4, a heterocycHc compound with aqueous ammonia at 200°C, hydrogen chloride, formic acid, and methylamine are produced. 

Raw coal NMP-soluble extract EXT 400°C hydrogenation HEXT400 450°C hydrogenation HEXT450... 

The results of blending the NMP-soluble extract from untreated WVGS 13421 (EXT) with soluble material from 450°C hydrogenated WVGS 13421 (HEXT450) are reported m Table 9. 

WVGS 13407 NMP-soluble extract WVGS 13421 450°C hydrogenation WVGS 13421 75-25 wt% EXT MEXT450... 

Thus, in a recent survey of 1509 N-H- 0=C hydrogen bonds in organic carbonyls or carb-oxylates, nearly 80% (1199) were unbrancbed, some 20% (304) were bifurcated, but only 0.4% (6) were trifurcated. Some examples are in Fig. 3.5. 

Catalytic hydrogenation (Pd/C) of 2-chloro-3-nitro-l,5-naphthyridine (125, R = Cl) in methanolic solution afforded 3-amino-l,5-naphthyridine (126, R = H, 74%) isolated in the form of its trihydrochloride (40MI1). Similar Pd/C hydrogenation of 2-ethoxy-3-nitro-l,5-naphthyridine (125, R = OEt) gave 3-amino-2-ethoxy-l,5-naphthyridine (126, R = OEt, 47%) (80RTC83). Reduction with tin(II) chloride in hydrochloric acid also leads to 126, (R = OEt, 73%) (63RTC997). 

Nucleophilic substitution of C-hydrogen in five-member ring of indoles 99PHC45. 

Pd/C-hydrogen [6. An alternate synthesis of sulbactam is also available [7]. 

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