By in situ polymerization

Williams, E.G., Contaminant containment by in situ polymerization, in Proc. Second National Symposium on Aquifer Restoration and Ground Water Monitoring, National Water Well Association, Worthington, OH, 1982. 

Polymeric conducting systems were also prepared by in situ polymerization of vinyl monomers in ionic liquids [22], with a conductivity of 1 mS/cm. A conductive polymer electrolytes were also prepared by polymerization in liquid EMIm(HF)nF leading to a composite poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-EMIm(HF)nF. Recently, polymer electrolytes were prepared in the form of thin foils, by incorporating ionic liquids in a polymer matrix [13-15], Conductivities of polymer-IL or polymer-IL-solvent systems are collected in Table 4. 

Another approach is similar to that used in for the preparation of polymer-layer open tubular GC columns (PLOT). Horvath s group prepared capillaries with a porous polymer layer as shown in Fig. 13 by in situ polymerization of vinylbenzylchloride and divinylbenzene [183]. The reaction of the N,N-di-methyldodecylamine with chloromethyl groups at the surface simultaneously afforded strong positively charged quaternary ammonium functionalities and attachment of C12 alkyl chains to the surface. The unreacted chloromethyl groups... 

Park C, Ounaies Z, Watson KA, Crooks RE, Smith J, Lowther SE, Connell JW, Siochi EJ, Harrison JS, Clair TL (2002). Dispersion of single wall carbon nanotubes by in situ polymerization under sonication. Chem. Phys. Lett. 364 303-308. 

Y. Ou, F. Yang, J. Chen, Interfacial interaction and mechanical properties of nylon 6-potassium titanate composites prepared by In-situ polymerization, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 64, pp. 2317-2322,1998. 

Fig. 9 Scanning electron micrographs of a Zn2Al/Cl, and its PSS derivatives obtained b via monomer intercalation c followed by in situ polymerization, or d by direct polymer incorporation using the memory effect with e subsequent hydrothermal treatment and f after a delamination-restacking process. The bar represents 5 xm. Reprinted from [43] and [48] with permission from ACS and RSC, respectively...

Interpenetrating polymer networks are defined in their broadest sense as an intimate mixture of two or more pol)Mners in network form [1,2]. Ideally, they can be synthesized by either swelling the first crosslinked polymer with the second monomer and crosslinker, followed by in-situ polymerization of the second component (sequential IPN s) or by reacting a pair of monomers and crosslinkers at the same time through different, non-interfering reaction mechanisms, simultaneous interpenetrating networks, SIN s. In fact, many variations of these ideas exist in both the scientific and the patent literature. In any case, at least one of the two components must have a network structure, as an IPN prerequisite. ... 

Grafting by in situ Polymerization of Butadiene. The polymerization of butadiene to a high cw-1,4-polybutadiene with a catalyst system containing diethylaluminum chloride and a cobalt compound is now a well established technique (1, 9,15,18, 22). This catalyst system is particularly effective when the cobalt compound is soluble in the reaction medium. 

Colloidal boehmite nanorods have been included in a PA-6 matrix to yield a homogeneous dispersion by in situ polymerization.91 At weight fractions up to 9%, improvements in the Young s modulus of the composite and changes in the crystalline morphology of the PA-6 matrix were observed, although fire properties were not reported. 

Rheology of various polymer layered-silicate nanocomposites - intercalated, exfoliated and end-tethered exfoliated (prepared by in-situ polymerization from reactive groups tethered to the silicate surface), have been performed in a conventional melt-state rheometer in both oscillatory and steady shear modes. These experimental studies have provided insight into the relaxation of polymer chains when confined by the layers of inorganic silicates, as well as the role of shear in orienting the layered nanocomposites. 

In addition, two end-tethered delaminated hybrid systems prepared by in-situ polymerization - (a) Poly( -caprolactone)-montmorillonite (PCLC) and (b) nylon-6-montmorillonite (NCH) - wherein the polymer chains are end-tethered to the silicate surface via cationic surfactants [54] (Fig. 20), were also studied. 

Pande et al. (25) also reported significant improvements in the flexural properties of MWCNT-PMMA composites prepared by in-situ polymerization method. They observed a maximum reinforcing effect of CNTs at 3 wt% for a-MWCNT and at 1.8 wt% for f-MWCNT. The flexural strength for the two cases was about 90 MPa as compared to about 64 MPa from two step method... 

Figure 8.5. Infrared transition spectra of PMMA (3) and PMMA/CNT composite containing 20 wt% of CNTs prepared by in-situ polymerization (adapted from (43)).

Figure 8.7. Evidence of wettability of polystyrene matrix on the surface of MWCNT nanocomposite prepared by in- situ polymerization with assistance of sonication (54).

Figure 8.8. Polystyrene solution in toluene with SWCNTs (right) three weeks after sonication, and transmission light micrographs of 30 pm PS films produced by film casting technique of dispersion (left). Part (a) represents samples prepared by only mixing of raw SWCNT with PS solution, and part (b) is for SWCNTs treated by in-situ polymerization (19).

Monolithic columns are packed columns containing a continuous porous bed that has been fabricated either by in-situ polymerization or by sintering of porous particles. The monolithic columns eliminate the need to fabricate retaining... 

A wide variety of approaches are currently being used in the fabrication and technology of columns for capillary electrochromatography (CEC). Continuous polymer bed, or monolithic columns (see Section 3.4), manufactured by in-situ polymerization within the columns, have been used in numerous application areas and have been shown to be highly efficient. In a second approach, a sol-gel process is employed to form a silica xerogel within the capillary, followed by bonding of the stationary-phase group alternatively, the separation medium itself may be polymerized in situ. 

DNA [25], and the polymer electrolyte [26] containing ILs have been reported. PoIymer-in-IL electrolytes were further prepared by in situ polymerization of vinyl monomers in ILs [27]. 

Alternatively, a suitable polymer-silica blend can be obtained by in situ polymerization of organic monomers. 

More recently, composite membranes have been made by interfacial polymerization or by in situ polymerization A representative case is illustrated in F. 8. Here, a microporous polysulfone membrane is used as a substrate. This membrane is soaked in a dilute aqueous solution of a low molecular weight polyethylenimine (PEI). Without drying, this membrane is then contacted with a crosslinking agent such as toluene diisocyanate (TDI) or isophthaloyl chloride dissolved in hexane, after which the membrane is cured in an oven. A highly crosslinked, salt-rejecting interfacial layer is formed in this way. A summary of the properties of three of the more important composite membranes is presented in Table 10. 

Although it is possible to incorporate organotin polymers in wood by vacuum or pressure impregnation with solutions of preformed polymer, it would be preferable to utilize monomer impregnation followed by in situ polymerization because the smaller molecular size, as well as the low viscosity of monomers, is conducive to efficient penetration of wood. Therefore, vinyl monomers in which the TBT group is chemically bonded, such as TBTMA, are used for in situ polymerization in wood (2). 

Mendoza, J. A. Wood Preservation by In Situ Polymerization of Organotin... 

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