By hydrolysis

D-2-deoxyribose, desoxyribose, CjHioO. The sugar isolated by hydrolysis of DNA. Colourless crystals, m.p. 9UC, soluble in water. 

CgH,5N02. Colourless crystalline material m.p. 203 C. The major portion of the cocaine molecule, from which it may be obtained by hydrolysis with acid. Benzoylation and methyl-ation reconvert it to cocaine. Forms a stable hydrochloride, m.p. 246 C. See cocaine. 

D-glucose, dextrose, C Hi20 . The most common hexose sugar. It is present in many plants, and is the sugar of the blood. It is a constituent of starch, cellulose, glycogen, sucrose and many glycosides, from all of which it can be obtained by hydrolysis with acids or enzymes. 

Ordinary glucose is ct-glucopyranose monohydrate m.p. 80-85°C and [ajp 4-113-4 . In solution it gives a mixture with the form with [alo 4-52-5 . It is manufactured from starch by hydrolysis with mineral acids, purification and crystallization, and is widely used in the confectionery and other food industries. It is about 70% as sweet as sucrose. 

HC CH(0H) CH20H. optically active. D-glyceraldehyde is a colourless syrup. May be prepared by mild oxidation of glycerol or by hydrolysis of glyceraldehyde acetal (prepared by oxidation of acrolein acetol). DL-glyceraldehyde forms colourless dimers, m.p. IBS-S C. Converted to methylglyoxal by warm dilute sulphuric acid. The enantiomers... 

U8 C, (-l-)-or (-)- m.p. 133X. Occurs combined in the glucoside amygdalin. Prepared by hydrolysis of mandelonitrile (ben-zaldehyde cyanohydrin). It is administered in large doses in the treatment of urinary infections. 

Prepared by the action of chloroethanoic acid upon anthranilic acid. It can also be prepared by the action of KCN and methanal on anthranilic acid, followed by hydrolysis with NaOH of the nitrile of anthranilic acid first produced. 

Prepared generally by ester interchange from polyvinylacelate (ethanoate) using methanol and base also formed by hydrolysis of the acetate by NaOH and water. The properties of the poly(vinyl alcohol) depend upon the structure of the original polyvinyl acetate. Forms copolymers. Used as a size in the textile industry, in aqueous adhesives, in the production of polyvinyl acetates (e.g. butynal) for safety glasses. U.S. production 1980... 

CH3CH2OHCH3. B.p. 82 C. Manufactured by hydrolysis of propene. Used in the production of acetone (propanone) by oxidation, for the preparation of esters (e.g. the ethanoate used as a solvent), amines (diisopropylamines, etc.), glycerol, hydrogen peroxide. The alcohol is used as an important solvent for many resins, aerosols, anti-freezes. U.S. production 1978 775 000 tonnes. 

Vanadium tetrafluoride, VF4. Green solid prepared HF on VCI4. Forms hexa-fluorovanadate(IV) ion (VFa) ". VOF2 formed by hydrolysis. 

Most chlorine-containing compounds can be converted to give chloride ions, for example covalent chlorides by hydrolysis, chlorates by reduction. The chloride ion is then tested for thus ... 

Phenylhydrazine is, however, frequently supplied in the form of its hydro chloride or sulphate, since these salts on exposure to light darken less rapidly than the free base. If these salts are used, however, osazone formation is unsatisfactory, partly because the mineral acid formed by hydrolysis of... 

The aniline and the monomethylaniline can be obtained from their respective sulphonyl derivatives by hydrolysis with 70% sulphuric acid (preparation, p. 109), the mixture of the sulphonyl compound and the acid being gently boiled under reflux to illustrate the separation of the three amines, however, this is not necessary. 

Drying by hydrolysis. The production of extremely dry (99 -9-(- per cent.) ethyl alcohol from commercial absolute alcohol (99-f percent.) is possible by taking advantage of the fact that the hydrolysis of an ester consumes water. Thus if the absolute alcohol is treated with a little sodium in the presence of an ester of high boiling point e.g., ethyl... 

Anilides and a-Naphthalides. The Grignard reagents prepared from alkyl halides react with phenyl isocyanate (CgHjN=C=0) or with a-uaphthy l isocyanate (C,oH, N=C=0) to yield addition products that are converted by hydrolysis into anihdes and a-naphthalides respectively RX + Mg —> RMgX... 

By hydrolysis of alkyl cyanides (or nitriles) with alkali hydroxide solutions, for example ... 

By hydrolysis of substituted malonic esters with 50 per cent, potassium hydroxide, followed by decarboxylation of the resulting malonic add by heating above the m.p. or, better, by rendering the aqueous solution of the potassium salt of the dibasic acid strongly acid and refluxing the mixture, for example ... 

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