Butyrate treatment

Labelled Fucolipids. Figure 3 shows fluorograms which were obtained from cells labelled with DiG -fucose with and without butyrate treatment. Fucolipids were not found in fetal cells and, therefore, are not shown here. Figure 3A, track 2, shows fucolipid patterns of SW-480 cells without butyrate. Although... 

Figure 2. Effect of butyrate treatment on GM3 content of HeLa cells...

Exposure of HeLa cells to butyrate had no effect on the activity of GM3-sialidase when GM3 specifically labeled in the sialic acid residue was used as substrate (Fig. 3a). We were unable to detect any "ecto"-sialidase activity in either control or butyrate-treated cells (14) although others have postulated that such an enzyme is important in regulating plasma membrane gangliosides (15,16). In contrast, the activity of the specific sialyl transferase involved in GM3 biosynthesis increased over 20-fold following butyrate treatment (Fig. 3b). The effect was specific as activities of the other glycosphingolipid transferases that could be measured in HeLa cells were not altered in butyrate-treated cells (4,8,17). 

Figure 4. Scanning electron micrographs of KB cells after butyrate treatment (a) (X400) and after TPA treatment (b) (X280). Cells prepared for microscopy simultaneously according to procedures described in text. The membrane tearing" (Figure 5b) was consistently found only in cells treated with TPA and somewhat in synchronized, late G,-early S phase cells.

V,7V,7V, 7V -Tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA, TEMED) [110-18-9] M 116.2, b 122°, d 1.175, n 1.4153, pK 5.90, pKj 9.14. Partially dried with molecular sieves (Linde type 4A), and distd in vacuum from butyl lithium. This treatment removes all traces of primary and secondary amines and water. [Hay, McCabe and Robb J Chem Soc, Faraday Trans 1 68 1 1972.] Or, dried with KOH pellets. Refluxed for 2h with one-sixth its weight of n-butyric anhydride (to remove primary and secondary amines) and fractionally distd. Refluxed with fresh KOH, and distd under nitrogen. [Cram and Wilson 7 Am C/iem Soc 85 1245 796i.] Also distd from sodium. 

Reduction of the quaternary immonium salt 161, obtained by treatment of l-methyl-2-ethylidenepyrrolidine with ethyl bromoacetate, by means of either sodium borohydride or formic acid, leads to (—)-erythro-2-(2-N-methylpyrrolidyl)butyric acid (162), in agreement with Cram s rule (196). 

A low acid polyvinyl butyral-based pretreatment primer ( etch or wash primer are alternative names) is usually advantageous as the first treatment of a metal-sprayed surface before painting. Up to an equal volume of spirit soluble phenolic resin is used as a diluent to the polyvinyl butyral of conventional pretreatment primers. This has an incidental, but particularly valuable effect, in reducing the free acid available to penetrate into the pores of the coating. The modified pretreatment primer is highly water resistant and this helps to avoid damage due to condensation. 

It is noteworthy that even a separate treatment of the initial data on branched reactions (1) and (2) (hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde to butyr-aldehyde and to crotyl alcohol) results in practically the same values of the adsorption coefficient of crotonaldehyde (17 and 19 atm-1)- This indicates that the adsorbed form of crotonaldehyde is the same in both reactions. From the kinetic viewpoint it means that the ratio of the initial rates of both branched reactions of crotonaldehyde is constant, as follows from Eq. (31) simplified for the initial rate, and that the selectivity of the formation of butyraldehyde and crotyl alcohol is therefore independent of the initial partial pressure of crotonaldehyde. This may be the consequence of a very similar chemical nature of both reaction branches. 

The Andersen sulphoxide synthesis allows one also to synthesize a variety of a-heteroatom substituted sulphoxides starting from a-heteroatom stabilized carbanions and (—)-(S)-276. The selected examples shown in Scheme 3 are the best illustration of the generality of this approach. The reaction of enolates or enolate like species with (—)-(S)-276 has been used for the synthesis of optically active a-carbalkoxy sulphoxides. For example, treatment of (—)-(S)-276 with the halogenomagnesium enolates of -butyl acetate, t-butyl propionate or t-butyl butyrate resulted in the formation of ( + )-(R)-t-butyl p-toluenesulphinylcarboxylates 298367 (equation 163). 

As previously discussed, solvents that dissolve cellulose by derivatization may be employed for further functionahzation, e.g., esterification. Thus, cellulose has been dissolved in paraformaldehyde/DMSO and esterified, e.g., by acetic, butyric, and phthalic anhydride, as well as by unsaturated methacrylic and maleic anhydride, in the presence of pyridine, or an acetate catalyst. DS values from 0.2 to 2.0 were obtained, being higher, 2.5 for cellulose acetate. H and NMR spectroscopy have indicated that the hydroxyl group of the methy-lol chains are preferably esterified with the anhydrides. Treatment of celliflose with this solvent system, at 90 °C, with methylene diacetate or ethylene diacetate, in the presence of potassium acetate, led to cellulose acetate with a DS of 1.5. Interestingly, the reaction with acetyl chloride or activated acid is less convenient DMAc or DMF can be substituted for DMSO [215-219]. In another set of experiments, polymer with high o -celliflose content was esterified with trimethylacetic anhydride, 1,2,4-benzenetricarboylic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, and a pyridine catalyst. The esters were isolated after 8h of reaction at 80-100°C, or Ih at room temperature (trimellitic anhydride). These are versatile compounds with interesting elastomeric and thermoplastic properties, and can be cast as films and membranes [220]. 

Tctrahydro-l 1 //-pyrido[2,l - quina/olin-l 1 -one was prepared by cyclization of 2-(4-hydroxybutyl)quinazo-linH(3//)-onc upon treatment with NaH, and TsOH in THF at room temperature <2004T3417>. Cyclization of 4-(4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-yl)butyric acid and its 2-acetylamino derivative in refluxing AC2O gave 6-acetyl-... 

Hydrogenation of 4-cyano-4-(methoxymethoxy)butyrate in the presence of HO(CH2)2NH2 and (CH2NH2)2 over a Pd/C catalyst gave a mixture of diastereomers of 9-(methoxymethyl)perhydropyrido[2,l-A [l,3]oxazin-6-ones and 5-(methoxymethyl)-l-(3-hydroxypropyl)piperid-2-one, and furthermore a diastereomeric mixture of 9-(methoxy-methyl)perhydropyrido[l,2- ]pyrimidin-6-ones <2003ASC483>. Reaction of 535 with TsOH in the presence of H20, followed by treatment with saturated aqueous NaHC03, yielded a mixture of 536 and 537 (Equation 90) <1995JOC2989>. 

As in the case of the linear carboxylic acids, the principal by-products are water, C02 and the corresponding hydrocarbons. Substantial quantities of iso-butane are formed for example during iso-butyric acid homologation (see Experimental Section) while 2-methylpentane accompanies the formation of 2,2-dimethylvaleric acid during syngas treatment of 2-methylvaleric acid. 

The epilepsies constitute a common, serious neurological disorder in humans, affecting approximately 60 million people worldwide. Well in excess of 40 distinct epileptic syndromes have been identified to date. Current treatment is only symptomatic except in uncommon instances when surgical treatment is possible. While available antiseizure medications target ion channels such as the y-amino-butyric acid (GABA)a receptor and voltage activated sodium (Na+) channels, current research seeks to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which a normal brain becomes epileptic. Hopefully, this research will lead to the identification of new targets for which small molecules can be identified and used for prevention or cure of epilepsy. 

The syntheses of these three compounds share a common route as described by Brickner et al. [53] and Barbachyn et al. [54]. Namely, the coupling reaction of 3,4-difluoronitrobenzene (82) with piperazine, morpholine, or thiomorpholine to yield the corresponding 4-substituted 3-fluoro-nitrobenzene (83), which upon reduction gives rise to the aniline derivative (84). Carbobenzoxy protection of the active nitrogen of 84 using benzyloxy-carbonyl chloride (CbzCl) results in the formation of carbamates 85a and 85b. Treatment of 85a,b with n-BuLi and (i -glycidyl butyrate yields a 5-(R)-... 

La Spada et al, 1991). Treatment of SBMA transgenic mice with sodium butyrate, by oral administration, increased histone acetylation in spinal cord tissue and ameliorated the functional and histopathological defects associated with SBMA (Minamiyama et al., 2004). 

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