Butanediol potential

From all this, it becomes understandable why the use of traditional solvents (such as water or butanediol) for biphasic catalysis has only been able to fulfil this potential in a few specific examples [23], whereas this type of highly specialized liquid-liquid biphasic operation is an ideal field for the application of ionic liquids, mainly due to their exactly tunable physicochemical properties (see Chapter 3 for more details). 

Figure 8. Typical adsorption potential shifts as a function of adsorbate surface concentration. (1) At the free surface of a solution (real behavior), (2) ideal behavior, and (3) at a metal (Hg)/solution interface. Experimental points for adsorption of 1,4-butanediol from Ref. 328.

Japaridze et al.m 323 have studied the interface between Hg and a number of vicinal and nonvicinal diols such as 1,2-, 1,3-, 2,3- and 1,4-butanediol (BD), ethanediol (ED), and 1,3-propanediol. KF and LiC104 were used as surface-inactive electrolytes. The potential of zero charge was measured by the capacitance method against an SCE in water without correction for the liquid junction potential at the solvent/H20 contact (such a potential drop is estimated to be in the range of 20 to 30 mV). The potential of the capacitance minimum was found to be independent of the electrolyte concentration while capacitance decreased with dilution. Therefore, Emin was taken to measure E . These values are reported in Table 4. 

Pilon D, Brodeur J, Plaa GL. 1986. 1,3-Butanediol-induced increases in ketone bodies and potentiation of CCH hepatotoxicity. Toxicology 40 165-180. 

Health and Safety Issues. Polyesterether elastomers derived from dimethyl terephthalate, butanediol, and Ptmeg are not hazardous according to the published Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for this elastomer. Polymers of a similar structure containing isophthalic acid are also not considered hazardous. For other copolymer elastomers, the MSDS put out by suppliers should be consulted by potential users before evaluation. One environmental advantage of thermoplastic elastomers of this type is that they are melt-reprocessible and thus scrap and off-specification material and even obselete parts can be easily recycled. Up to 25% by weight of recycled material can be incorporated (see Recycling, plastics). 

In membrane distillation, two liquids (usually two aqueous solutions) held at different temperatures are mechanically separated by a hydrophobic membrane. Vapors are transported via the membrane from the hot solution to the cold one. The most important (potential) applications of membrane distillation are in water desalination and water decontamination (77-79). Other possible fields of application include recovery of alcohols (e.g., ethanol, 2,3-butanediol) from fermentation broths (80), concentration of oil-water emulsions (81), and removal of water from azeotropic mixtures (82). Membrane (pervaporation) units can also be coupled with conventional distillation columns, for instance, in esterifications or in production of olefins, to split the azeotrope (83,84). 

Many industrial organic acids can be produced by fermentation, such as acetic, citric, and lactic acids. Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid of potential industrial interest as a platform chemical (1-3). Separation and purification of succinic acid by adsorption was tested to replace current precipitation methods and their associated waste disposal problems. Succinic acid is a valuable intermediate value chemical with a moderate market. For succinic acid to have an economic and energy impact, it will need to become a commodity chemical intermediate with a much lower price. This target price hasbeen estimated to be between 0.22 and 0.30 / lb ( 0.48- 0.66/kg) and is potentially achievable with advanced technology (1). At this price, succinic acid can be catalytically upgraded into other higher valued chemicals suchastetrahydrofuran, 1,4-butanediol, y-butyrolactone, 2-pyrrolidinone, and N-methylpyrrolidinone. 

Many other chemicals can be obtained from both yeast and bacteria fermentation of sugars and pulp mill effluents. Potential fermentation products from wood hydrolysates include acetone, organic acids (acetic, butyric, lactic), glycerol, butanediol, and others.42... 

Cyclic sulfates of unactivated diols, such as 2,3-butanediol, are reduced in DMF/0.4 M Et4NC104 at a mercury electrode at potentials less negative than the background reduction 2-butene (cis-trcms, 5 95) was formed in moderate yields, = 1 minor amounts of several unidentified compounds were seen in GLC [75]. 

Butanediol, an industrial solvent, is metabolized to y-hydroxy-butyrate, a drug of abuse. One report described the potential mortality and psychiatric morbidity from the intentional ingestion of 1,4-butane-diol for bodybuilding or self-treatment of depression or insomnia (Zvosec et al. 2001). 

Kobayashi and co-workers [48] studied the potential of carrying out condensation reactions in solventless or bulk reactions. They reported the preparation of aliphatic polyesters with Mu, > 10000 by reacting sebacic acid with 1,4-butanediol in a solvent-free system, under reduced pressure, using CALB as catalyst. 

The possibilities include diffusion of d, I or dl molecules into either a chiral solvent or the solution of a second chiral molecule. The only case so far studied appears to be one involving ions (d+ and /+) and an uncharged chiral molecule. Carassiti (1958) has observed different rates of diffusion of (- -) [Co(en)s]3+ and (—) [Co(en)3]3+ in sucrose solution, reflecting different degrees of association of the complex cations with the molecules of sucrose. Studies of the diffusion of these and similar complex ions in chiral solvents like (—)-2,3-butanediol and (—)-2-methyl-butanol would no doubt reveeil similar differences. Studies of the diffusion of coloured ions like (-[-) and (— ) [Co(en)3]3+ in a solution of a colourless chiral cation seem potentially useful lines of enquiry. 

Describe the potential health hazards involved with the administration of gamma buty-rolactone (GBL), gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), and 1,4-butanediol (BD). 

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