Bushell

Taylor D G and Bushell M C 1985 The spatial-mapping of translational diffusion-ooeffioients by the NMR imaging teohnique B 30 345-9... 

Every continent, except Antarctica, grows com 40% of the present world crop is produced in the United States. In the 1987—1988 crop year, 12 states (Iowa, HI., Nebr., Minn., Ind., Ohio, Wis., Mo., S. Dak., Mich., Kans., and Tex. in order of production) produced 157.5 million metric tons (6.2 biUion bushels) that was 88% of the United States and 36% of the world s crop (66). Yield is influenced by many factors, including climate, pest control, planting density, and fertilization. Yield in the United States has increased from about 1.5 metric tons /hectare in the 1930s to about 7.5 metric tons /hectare. In 1985, a test plot produced 23.2 metric tons /hectare and yields approaching 40 metric tons /hectare are considered possible com is the most productive of the principal food crops. 

Gasohol in the United States. Over 90% of the fuel ethanol in the United States is produced from com. Typically, 0.035 m (1 bushel) of com yields 9.5 L (2.5 gal) of ethanol. Ethanol is produced by either dry or wet milling (87). Selection of the process depends on market demand for the by-products of the two processes. More than two-thirds of the ethanol in the United States is produced by wet milling. Depending on the process used, the full cost of ethanol after by-product credits has been estimated to be between 0.25—0.53/L ( 1—2/gal) for new plants (88). Eeedstock costs are a significant factor in the production of fuel ethanol. A change in com price of 0.29/m ( 1.00/bushel) affects the costs of ethanol by 0.08/L ( 0.30/gal). 

Total merchant shipments of DRI and HBI in 1993 reached 5.1 x 10 t. The primary DRI exporting countries were Venezuela, Russia, Malaysia, Trinidad, and India. The price of merchant HBI in 1993 was in the range of 125 to 167/1 on a deUvered basis. Although there are expectations that the value of merchant DRI should some day stand on its own, the historic price has been tied to the price of ferrous scrap. A general mle of thumb has been that the value of merchant DRI is comparable to prime scrap (No. 1 Bundles or No. 1 Bushelings) in industrial countries, and comparable to imported shredded scrap in developing countries (see RECYCLING, FERROUS METALS). 

Investment, Costs, and Prices for Barley and Malt. Estimated malthouse investment (1993) and costs for a new malthouse with annual capacity of 120,000 t are shown in Table 2. This malthouse is equipped with twelve 1,700-bushel steep tanks, eight 10,000-bushel germination compartments, and two double-deck kilns. The kilns are equipped with standard heat recovery units and indirect heat. 

No. 1 Busheling. This scrap is a clean prompt iadustrial scrap limited to about 30 cm (12 ia.) ia any dimension. It iacludes new factory busheling such as sheet clippings and stampiags (free of old auto body and fender stock) metals which have been coated, limed, or vitreous enameled and electrical steel containing more than 0.5% siUcon. 

Commercial starch is mainly com starch, but smaller amounts of sorghum, wheat, and potato starch are also produced. In 1992, 1303 million bushels (45.8 X 10 m ) of com were ground for starch and other products (120) 1 m com weighs - 721 kg and yields 438 kg starch, 26 kg oil, and 142 kg combined gluten and hulls. In the United States in 1994—1995, 462 million bushels were used to produce high fmctose com symp, 231 million bushels went to produce D-glucose, 533 million bushels were used for alcohol production, and 247 million bushels were converted to starch (121). 

Uses. The primary use of molasses is in animal feed. Molasses, which provides a carbohydrate source, salts, protein, vitamins, and palatabdity, may be used direcdy or mixed with other feeds. The carbohydrate content of 24.6 L (6.5 gal) of blackstrap molasses is considered to be equal to 0.035 m (one bushel) of com as measured by the energy produced from 0.035 m of com and the amount of molasses required to produce the same amount of energy. When molasses is less expensive than com, sales increase when the reverse is tme, sales decrease. 

Alcohol Yield. With com containing 60% starch, distillers traditionally obtain 19—19.7 L (5.0—5.2 proof gaHons)/0.03 (bushel). Theoretical yields as Hters of absolute alcohol/100 kg of starch are... 

Particle size and cooking condition for the grain slurry vary depending on the type of distilled spirit that is to be produced. In the case of com grain fermentations, distillers use small size, high temperature, and low beer gallonage (higher starch concentrations) for neutral spirits production at 120—170°C and 76—91 L/0.03 m. Bourbon distillates call for low temperatures (100—150°C) and thinner mash of 95—115 L/0.03 m (saccharified starch slurries) out of flavor considerations. (0.03 m is approximately a bushel). 

Acres Square meters 4074 Bushels (U.S. dry) Cubic feet 1.2444... 

The ferric oxide is impregnated on wood chips, which produces a solid bed with a large ferric oxide surface area. Several grades of treated wood chips are available, based on iron oxide content. The most common grades are 6.5-, 9.0-, 15.0-, and 20-lb iron oxide/bushel. The chips are contained in a vessel, and sour gas flows through the bed and reacts with the ferric oxide. Figure 7-3 shows a typical vessel for the iron sponge process. 

Iron sponge is normally sold in the U.S. by the bushel. The volume in bushels can be determined from the following equation once the bed dimensions of diameter and height are known ... 

The amount of iron oxide that is impregnated on the wood chips is normally specified in units of pounds of iron oxide (Fe203) per bushel. Common grades are 9, 15 or 20 lb Fe203/bushel. 

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