Bullet design

In recent years, bullet design has been concerned not only with exterior ballistics and accuracy, but wound effect. Designers, for the first time, have had at their disposal the benefit of specific research into wound ballistics. Some of the solutions offered are shown below, often in conjunction with the weapon solutions already referred to... 

Another bullet design to assist bullet expansion is the insertion of a steel or lead ball into the cavity of a hollow point bullet, which on contact with the target is driven back into the cavity, thereby aiding expansion. 

An unusual bullet design is the PMC Ultra-Mag ammunition. The bullet is machined from solid bronze (a range of copper alloys, usually with tin but sometimes with other additives such as P, Min, Al, Si, Zm) and is a hollow tube with a plastic plug at the base to form a gas seal. It is essentially a tube... 

Bullets with no exposed lead (a copper case completely surrounds the lead core) or entirely copper significantly reduce (or eliminate) lead exposure nine copper fragments seven inches from the wound channel. Overall, both of these bullet designs fragmented very little and left no lead. ... 

The X-bullet was quickly followed by Barnes Burners, jacketed rifle and handgun bullets designed for target-grade accuracy and varmint shooting. 

Pin-Fire Cartridge System. A cartridge ignition system invented in 1836 by LeFaucheux of Paris. It was the first practical cartridge system which contained in one unit the cartridge case, the propint, the bullet and the primer cap. A version of this invention is still used today in blank pistols designed in Europe. The cap was... 

The Analysis of the Design of a Flexible Bullet-Proof Vest... 

Fig. 9.4 Conceptual schema of the design of a bullet-proof jacket derived from the experts consultation. An example of a structure-property relation is marked as a line...

Small arms may be taken to mean weapons with a bore of less than 2-5 cm, whether the barrel is smooth or rifled. Compared with larger weapons, they have light bullets or shot and have relatively short barrels. Propellants used must therefore be fast burning and have small web thickness. The factors which determine design of powder depend also on the individual characteristics of the weapons. 

Of prime importance is the initial distribution of solids at the top of the apparatus. Figure 14 shows the bullet-head solids distributor designed for this purpose. Solids fed from a nearly point source falls on a bullet-shaped target from which they bounce off to land at some distance below, on a fall-breaker baffle which either straightens the particles into essentially vertical paths or simply redistributes them. 

The design of such cytotoxic antibodies is conceptually simple attach a toxic substance or a mediator of toxicity to the appropriate monoclonal and you have a magic bullet that can find and eliminate the one-in-a-billion cells that have the requisite marker (Figure 21.1). The antibody provides the recognition and binding capacity, while the associated toxic component effects cellular alterations leading to cell death (Pastan et al., 2006). 

Morphy, R., Kay, C., and Rankovic, Z., From magic bullets to designed multiple ligands, Drug Discov. Today, 9, 641, 2004. 

The first bullet indicates that the NFPA standards should be used to determine the fire water requirements for a facility. The NFPA standards do not define when a system is required. The first bullet does not achieve the result of defining when protection is necessary. In addition, the level of protection needed for a process facility is not covered by the cited NFPA standards. The NFPA standards simply describe howto design and install system components. 

The second bullet implies that all structural steel requires a 3-hour fire resistive coating. Again, the statement does not define when the specific design feature must be used. These types of statements normally apply to design specifications for projects. 

The explosives used for military purposes are different from those used in industry. Not only thermo mechanical power for destruction, but also various other characteristics are required. Experimental tests, such as slow cook-off fast cook-off, bullet impact, and sympathetic explosion tests, must be passed to meet the requirements for insensitive munitions (IM). The aerodynamic heating of warheads on flight projectiles is also an important factor in designing warheads. 

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