Bulk volume fluid

FLUIDS IN THE PORE SPACE—SATURATION AND BULK VOLUME FLUID... 

Optical systems can be used in multiphase flows at a very low volume fraction of the dispersed phase. Through a refractory index matching of hquid-liquid or liquid-solid systems, it is also possible to measure at high void fractions. However, it is not possible to obtain complete refractory index matching since the molecules at the phase boundary have different optical properties than the molecules in the bulk. Consequently, it is possible to measure at a higher fraction of the dispersed phase with larger drops and particles because of the lower surface area per volume fluid. 

Porosity (ej>) determination with NMR is a direct measurement as the response is from the fluid(s) in the pore space of the rock. The initial amplitude (before relaxation) of the NMR response of the fluid(s) saturated rock (corrected for hydrogen index) is compared with the amplitude of the response of bulk water having the same volume as the bulk volume of the rock sample. The 2 MHz NMR... 

If the NMR response is capable of estimating the pore size distribution, then it also has the potential to estimate the fraction of the pore space that is capable of being occupied by the hydrocarbon and the remaining fraction that will only be occupied by water. The Free Fluid Index (FFI) is an estimate of the amount of potential hydrocarbons in the rock when saturated to a given capillary pressure. It is expressed as a fraction of the rock bulk volume. The Bulk Volume Irreducible (BVI) is the fraction of the rock bulk volume that will be occupied by water at the same capillary pressure. The fraction of the rock pore volume that will only be occupied by water is called the irreducible water saturation (Siwr = BVI/cj>). The amount of water that is irreducible is a function of the driving force to displace water, i.e., the capillary pressure. Usually the specified driving force is an air-water capillary pressure of 0.69 MPa (100 psi). 

Preferred fluid migration pathways are influenced by porosity and permeability, sedimentary sequences, facies architecture, and fractures. Porosity is a measure of pore space per unit volume of rock or sediment and can be divided into two types absolute porosity and effective porosity. Absolute porosity (n) is the total void space per unit volume and is defined as the percentage of the bulk volume that is not solid material. The equation for basic porosity is listed below ... 

If the bulk volume is large and the concentration of drug in the fluid is much lower than the drug solubility (Cs Ct), it is regarded as a sink condition. In this case, the equation is much simpler and the dissolution behaviors continuously occur because the chemical potential (Cs - Ct) approximates drug solubility (Cs). 

In what follows, heterogeneous transformations are understood as chemical or physical-chemical transformations that take place on some surfaces, for example, on interfaces or surfaces possessing catalytic properties. This wide understanding of the term heterogeneous transformation includes surface catalytic reactions, adsorption and desorption on solid and fluid surfaces, dissolving of crystals in fluid, electrochemical reactions on the surface of an electrode in electrolyte, sublimation and condensation, sedimentation of aerosols and colloids, etc. Chemical transformations taking place in the bulk of fluid will be called homogeneous transformations or volume chemical reactions. 

In practice, reversible reactions of true first order in both directions usually do not occur. However, one often deals with first-order reactions with respect to the dissolved gas concentration, where the reactant concentration is uniform in the volume, and hence, the direct reaction is of pseudo-first order. At the same time, the concentration of the products also can be practically invariable in the entire volume of the liquid, and therefore, the reverse reaction rate also proves to be invariable. Then, instead of the ratio Cs/g, one can substitute the constant into (5.5.6) this constant is a characteristic of the equilibrium concentration of dissolved gas A in the bulk of fluid. As a result, we obtain the problem for the... 

The analysis of the CSTR parallels closely that of the gas reactor, although differences arise from the fact that the reaction fluid is now a liquid. We shall need to allow for changes in the volume of the reaction fluid, and this will have effects on both the work done by the bulk volume and on the hydrostatic pressure. 

A porous medium may be described as a solid coutainii many holes and tortuous passages. The number of holes or pores is sufficiently great that a volume average is needed to estimate pertinent properties. Pores that occupy a definite fiuction of the bulk volume consdmte a complex network of voids. The manner in which holes or pores are embedded, the extent of their interconnection, and dieir location, size and shape characterize the porous medium. The term porosity refers to the fraction of the medium that contains voids. When a fluid is passed over the medium, the fraction of the medium (i.e., the pores) that contributes to the flow is referred to as the effective porosity. 

In the imbibition method, the porous sample is immersed, under vacuum, in a fluid that preferentially wets the pores (Dullien, 1992). The pore volume is determined by the difference befween fhe fofal volume of the water and the volume of water left after soaking. The total volume of the porous sample is measured by immersion of fhe sample in a liquid that does not enter the pores such as mercury at low pressure. In the gas expansion method, a sample of known bulk volume is enclosed in a container of known volume. It is connected to another container with a known volume that is evacuated (i.e., near vacuum pressure). When a valve connecting the two containers is opened, gas passes from the first container to the second until a uniform pressure distribution is attained. Using ideal gas law, the volume of the pores is calculated as... 

Bulk volume can be calculated for samples with the exact cylindrical shape (measurement of diameter and length) or by fluid displacement (pycnometer). There are two techniques ... 

In addition to the parameter saturation , the parameter bulk volume of the fluid is also used. Bulk volume of a fluid i refers the volume of that fluid to the rock bulk volume. Bulk volume water is, for example. 

BVM is bulk volume movable fluids (derived from NMR)... 

Lb, poo is the bulk volume occupied by the non-wetting fluid (mercury) at infinite pressure. 

Processing techniques result in a partitioning of porosity in free movable (bulk volume movable, BVM) and capillary-bound (bulk volume immovable, BVI) fraction of pore fluids. This characterizes pore sizes and gives a link to a permeability estimate. 

BVI versus BVM the BVl (bulk volume of irreducible fluid) and BVM (bulk volume of movable fluid) can be estimated by partitioning the T2 distribution and can also be interpreted as pore size distribution" (Chen and Georgi, 1997 Kenyon, 1992 Straley et al., 1995). 

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