Refractory index

Optical systems can be used in multiphase flows at a very low volume fraction of the dispersed phase. Through a refractory index matching of hquid-liquid or liquid-solid systems, it is also possible to measure at high void fractions. However, it is not possible to obtain complete refractory index matching since the molecules at the phase boundary have different optical properties than the molecules in the bulk. Consequently, it is possible to measure at a higher fraction of the dispersed phase with larger drops and particles because of the lower surface area per volume fluid. 

Refractory index matching is important for PLIF measurements of multiphase flows, as seen in Figure 15.4. 

The greatest disadvantage of all detector systems such as, e.g. FID, UV, diode array detection (UV-DAD), FL, refractory index (RI), light scattering detector (LSD) or conductivity, applied in combination with GC, LC or CZE, is that they only provide an electric signal at the detector. The retention time alone of standard compounds, if available, is not sufficient for a reliable identification. LC separation of surfactant-containing extracts may often result in non-reproducible retention... 

Hostettler, E. D., Rosenbauer, R. J., and Kvenvolden, K. A., PAH refractory index as a source discriminant of hydrocarbon input from cmde oil and coal in Prince William Sound, Alaska, Org. Geochem., 30, 873-879, 1999. 

PAH-RI, refractory index, the major peak in each of two suites of highly refractory PAH, the triaromatic steranes, C26 to C28 (T)/monomethyl chrysenes (C). This ratio, originally designated RI, was developed by Hostettler et al. (1999) for differentiating tar residues in Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska. 

Nonmetallic inorganic materials are widely used for optical purposes lenses, pigments, interference filters, laser hosts, luminescent coatings, displays, solar cells, fiber optics, lamp bulbs, and tubes. For optical applications use is made of the refractory index, light absorption, luminescence, and nonlinear optical behavior of materials. These are intrinsic but may depend on the concentration of impurities. Refraction index and optical absorptivity in insulators are atomic properties and are only indirectly related to the structure, but the structure affects the selection rules and the term splitting in the atomic chromophores. The coordination number determines the intensity and wavelength of absorption and... 

The refractory index n depends on the band gap Eg (in eV) for oxides there is an empirical relation ... 

For perpendicular incident light the reflecting power p of an interface between two materials that differ in refractory index is... 

Table 1 lists f, a generalized feed refractoriness index, and A for various kinetics. 

Norepinephrine is a potent a-adrenergic agent with less pronounced P-adrenergic activity. Doses of 0.01 to 3 mcg/kg per minute can reliably increase blood pressure with small changes in heart rate or cardiac index. Norepinephrine is a more potent agent than dopamine in refractory septic shock.24,27-28... 

Invasive hemodynamic monitoring should be considered in patients who are refractory to initial therapy, whose volume status is unclear, or who have clinically significant hypotension such as systolic BP <80 mm Hg. Such monitoring helps guide treatment and classify patients into four specific hemodynamic subsets based on cardiac index and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (PAOP). Refer to textbook Chap. 16 (Heart Failure) for more information. 

NSAID-refractory-AS is defined when after treatment with at least 2 different NS AID over a period of at least 2 months, ASAS 20 is not obtained, and ESR, CRP, and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) score do not improve, or worsens versus baseline. Indications for therapy with SBC-5-IMNs are in NSAID-refractory AS with ESR > 40 mm and a Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) > 4. Less than 5% of patients with NSAID-refractory AS in the community at large fulfill these conditions. Remission is defined when ESR and VAS have declined to <10 mm (men <5 mm) and the disease activity scores are <1 (scale 0-10). Remission with oral drugs is defined when remission is maintained with oral drugs for at least 2 years. Remission without drugs is defined when remission without drugs is sustained without relapse for at least 2 years. 

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