Buckminsterfullerene or buckyball

Harry Kroto, Richard Smalley, Robert Curl, and their colleagues discover a different form of carbon, Cgg, also known as buckminsterfullerene or buckyball. ... 

Buckminsterfullerene, or buckyball The simplest form of a fullerene resembles a miniature soccer ball made of 60 carbon atoms stuck together. 

Buckminsterfullerene (or buckyball) was discovered by Smalley, Curl, and Kroto, who shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their work. Its unusual name stems from its shape, which resembles the geodesic dome invented by R. Buckminster Fuller. The pattern of five- and six-membered rings also resembles the pattern of rings on a soccer ball. 

Richard E. Smalley, who shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in chemistry for the discovery of (buckminsterfullerene, or buckyball) (Richard Smalley and Brookhaven National Laboratory)... 

Because C50 clusters were so preferentially formed, the group proposed a radically different form of carbon, namely, nearly spherical CgQ molecules. They proposed that the carbon atoms of Cgo form a ball with 32 faces, 12 of them pentagons and 20 hexagons ( FIGURE 12.47), exactly like a soccer ball. The shape of this molecule is reminiscent of the geodesic dome invented by the U.S. engineer and philosopher R. Buckminster Fuller, so Cgo was whimsically named buckminsterfullerene, or buckyball for short. Since the discovery of C q, other related molecules of carbon atoms have been discovered. These molecules are now known as fullerenes. 

Fig. 5.1 Eight allotropes of carbon a Diamond, b Graphite, c Lonsdaleite, d C60 (Buckminsterfullerene or buckyball), e C540, f C70, g Amorphous carbon, and h single-walled carbon nanotube or buckytube [25]...

Two other forms of carbon have been discovered more recently. In the form called Buckminsterfullerene, or buckyball (named after R. Buckminster Fuller, who popularized the geodesic dome), 60 carbon atoms are arranged as rings of 5 and 6 atoms to give a spherical cage-Uke structure. When a fullerene structure is stretched out, it produces a cylinder with a diameter of only a few nanometers, called a nanotube. Practical uses for buckybaUs and nanotubes have not yet been developed, but it is hopeful that they can be used in lightweight structural materials, heat conductors, computer parts, and medicine. 

Buckminsterfullerene (Cm or Buckyball ) is structurally related to corannulene. In which molecule would you expect 7U-orbital overlap be more effective Explain. How many chemically unique carbons are there in C6o Measure CC bond distances. How many unique distances are there Is each benzene fully delocalized or is one resonance contributor more important than the other ... 

One of the most elegant classes of molecules is that of the fullerenes, which are carbon compounds in the form of hollow spheres, constructed of twelve five-sided faces and different numbers of six-sided faces. The smallest fullerene has thirty-two carbon atoms the larger ones have several hundred carbon atoms. The first fullerene was discovered in 1985, by two Americans, Richard Smalley (1943-) and Robert Curl (1933-), and an English chemist, Harry Kroto (1939-). The fullerene with sixty carbon atoms, C60, has a structure similar to the geodesic dome invented by the architect Buckminster Fuller. In a whimsical tribute, the whole class of substances was named after the American architect, and his whole name was used for C60, buckminsterfullerene, or, as it is cheerfully known, the buckyball. Fullerenes are stable and can trap other atoms or small molecules inside their spheres. We have scarcely begun to discover their potential uses. 

They called this unusual compound buckminsterfullerene (or just fullerene, for short), named after American architect R. Buckminster Fuller, who was famous for building geodesic domes. This compound is also commonly referred to as a buckyball. 

In 1985, Richard Smalley and Robert Curl of the United States and Harold Kroto of the United Kingdom discovered the first of a series of molecular forms of the element carbon Cso, which they called buckminsterfullerene or, more casually, buckyball. (See the essay at the end of this section.) Since then, scientists have discovered a series of related carbon-atom molecules, calAsA fullerenes. Buckminsterfullerene has a soccer-baU shape, with carbon atoms enclosing a hollow space. Other fullerenes have tube shapes. 

A third form of pure carbon was discovered in the 1980s, and it was called buckminsterfullerene, or, as the molecules are more commonly known, buckyballs. Sixty carbon atoms are arranged in a cagelike structure (Fig. 12.14[a]), with a carbon atom at the equivalent of each corner of a soccer ball (Fig. 12.14[b]). Each atom is bonded to three other atoms to form the Cgo molecule shown as a model in Figure 12.14(a). This form of carbon is found in the soot made by burning carbon-containing substances in a low-oxygen enviroiunent. 

Figure 1. A computer graphic of a buckyball molecule, or carbon cluster, also called a Buckminsterfullerene, named after American engineer Buckminster Fuller.

As stated by Smalley, the name [fullerene] was bom in the dimmest early thinking of how a pure carbon cluster of 60 atoms could eliminate its dangling bonds (Billups and Ciufolini, 1993, foreword vi). In an effort to make clear the shape of the cluster, Smalley asked Kroto the name of the architect who worked with big domes. The answer was Buckminister Fuller. Carbon clusters of all sizes were subsequently named Buckminsterfullerenes, fullerenes, or sometimes buckyballs. A third allotrope of carbon had thus been added to the two (graphite and diamond) already known (see Figure 1). 

He atmosphere by astrophysicists Kratschmer34 and Huffman35 [69]. Buckminsterfullerene was named in honor of R. Buckminster Fuller,36 the architect-futurist-developer of macroscopic geodesic domes of similar shape. Buckminsterfullerene has also been called a buckyball, or fuBballene in German (since its edges are identical to the seams on association footballs or soccer balls). 

A, Crystals of buckminsterfullerene (Ceo) are shown leading to a ball-and-stick model. The parent of the fullerenes, the buckyball, is a soccer ball-shaped molecule of 60 carbon atoms. B, Nanotubes are single or, as shown in this colorized transmission electron micrograph, concentric graphite-like tubes with fullerene ends. 

Buckminsterfullerene Buckyball." or Cao. the most prevalent closed-shell allotrope of carbon. 

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